甜菜田金都尔除草剂药效试验

金都尔除草剂应用于纸筒育苗甜菜和直播甜菜的除草效果试验结果表明，对禾本科杂草防治效果较好，平均防效为93．62％,对其它杂草防治效果不佳，防效低于35．71％。     

金都尔防除花生田杂草试验研究

进行了有效成分为异丙甲草胺的96%金都尔乳油、90%禾耐斯乳油（乙草胺）和50%丁草胺乳油的防除花生田杂草的对比试验,结果表明,96%金都尔乳油防除花生田杂草以1 275、900 ml/hm^2防除效果最好,明显高于其他处理,对花生生长无不良影响,安全系数高,可以作为丁草胺、乙草胺的替代除草剂在田间推广应用。     

精异丙甲草胺对甜菜田土壤主要微生物种群数量的影响

【目的】 研究不同施用量下,精异丙甲草胺对甜菜田不同土壤深度中各类主要微生物种群的变化,分析其对土壤主要微生物类群的影响作用。为精异丙甲草胺对土壤生态系统的深入研究和田间科学合理的施用奠定基础。【方法】 采用固体平板计数法,研究土壤中的细菌、真菌和放线菌进行变化趋势。【结果】 精异丙甲草胺对土壤中的细菌主要表现为抑制作用,且抑制作用与浓度呈正比,最大抑制率随着土壤深度而降低,在0~5、5~10和10~15 cm的最大抑制率分别是43.25%、32.57%、27.54%。精异丙甲草胺对土壤中真菌数量的影响主要表现为先抑制后促进的作用。最大激活率随土壤深度而降低,在0~5、5~10和10~15 cm最大激活率分别是64.10%、45.07%、27.78%。精异丙甲草胺对土壤中放线菌的影响大致为抑制-激活-恢复,最高抑制率在0~5、5~10和10~15 cm分别是62.85%、55.29%、35.40%。【结论】 低施用量的抑制作用和激活作用都不如高施用量表现的明显,且放线菌总数随着时间的变化呈现递减的趋势。     

Response of pinto and small red Mexican beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to preplant-incorporated herbicides

Four field trials were conducted over a 2 year period at Exeter (2005, 2006), Harrow (2006), and Ridgetown (2006), Ontario, Canada, to evaluate the tolerance of pinto and small red Mexican (SRM) beans to the preplant-incorporated (PPI) application of trifluralin, dimethenamid, S -metolachlor, KIH-485, imazethapyr, and flumetsulam. All the treatments, including the untreated control, were maintained weed-free during the growing season. The PPI application of trifluralin, dimethenamid, and S -metolachlor resulted in minimal transient visual injury, with no adverse effect on the plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content, and yield of the pinto and SRM beans. The PPI application of imazethapyr and flumetsulam, especially at the high rate, initially caused 13% injury and reduced the plant height and shoot dry weight by 15 and 28%, respectively, but these injuries were transient and had no effect on the seed maturity and yield of the pinto and SRM beans. The PPI application of KIH-485 caused 80% injury to the pinto and SRM beans and reduced the plant height, shoot dry weight, and yield. The dry bean maturity was also delayed. Based on these results, trifluralin, dimethenamid, S -metolachlor, imazethapyr, and flumetsulam, applied as PPI herbicides, have the potential to be used in a weed management program for pinto and SRM beans. However, KIH-485, applied as a PPI herbicide at the doses evaluated, does not have an adequate margin of crop safety for use in pinto and SRM bean production in Ontario.     

磷化氢对小麦中玉米象致死效果的研究

玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)的卵、幼虫以及蛹在粮食籽粒内部生活与发育,粮粒结构会影响熏蒸气体的渗透以及对隐蔽虫态的杀虫效果,了解粮粒内卵、幼虫、蛹以及成虫对磷化氢耐受能力的差异,有助于科学有效杀虫。本文测定了3个玉米象品系对磷化氢的抗药性,及在100、200、300、400和500mL/m3的磷化氢浓度下玉米象成虫及其隐蔽虫态卵、幼虫和蛹在不同熏蒸时间的死亡率。主要结果为:3个品系的玉米象对磷化氢均未产生抗性。在各磷化氢浓度下,经6h熏蒸后100mL/m3浓度下成虫的死亡率近59%,而500mL/m3浓度下死亡率在91%以上;经12h熏蒸后各品系成虫的死亡率均达100%,而其卵、幼虫和蛹死亡率均小于100%;经24h熏蒸后,各品系的卵、幼虫和蛹死亡率达100%的磷化氢浓度需要在400mL/m3及以上;经36h熏蒸后,100mL/m3浓度可完全致死玉米象BJXNSz品系的卵、幼虫和蛹,但对另外两个品系的卵、幼虫和蛹的致死率小于100%;磷化氢熏蒸48h以上的各浓度均可完全致死受试害虫。结果表明,100mL/m3以上的磷化氢浓度均可在不同时间致死玉米象各虫态,但完全致死玉米象各虫态的时间在100mL/m3浓度下需要48h,在500mL/m3浓度下需要24h,浓度升高完全致死害虫的时间缩短。玉米象卵、幼虫和蛹对磷化氢耐受力相接近且远大于成虫。     

精异丙甲草胺苗前封闭处理对大豆苗期生长及其生理生化指标的影响

为明确精异丙甲草胺苗前封闭处理对大豆苗期生长及其生理生化指标的影响,通过室内试验,测定大豆幼苗在不同浓度精异丙甲草胺处理后28 d的相关农艺性状及各生理生化指标。结果表明,1 224 g(a.i.)/hm~2精异丙甲草胺处理对大豆生长的促进效果最好,可使植株显著增高27.06%,根显著增长10.53%,茎叶鲜重显著增加35.62%、干重显著增加33.33%,根系鲜重显著增加70.45%。大豆叶片叶绿素含量随药剂浓度的增加而降低,但在383~1 530 g(a.i.)/hm~2内与对照无显著差异;各药剂处理浓度均可增强大豆叶片过氧化物酶活性,其中3 060 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理最高,比对照显著增强32.10%;在765、1 224 g(a.i.)/hm~2浓度下均可增强过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性,1 224 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理时分别比对照提高20.72%和2.88%。表明精异丙甲草胺苗前封闭处理在一定使用浓度范围内对大豆苗期植株生长有显著促进作用,对其叶绿素合成无显著影响,可有效提高抗氧化酶活性,是一种对大豆田环境友好且安全性高的除草剂。     

手性异丙甲草胺在土壤中的选择性降解

Separation of chiral enantiomers and the dissipation of rac-metolachlor and S-metolachlor in soil were evaluated using achiral high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and chiral gas chromatography （GC） methods. Under the experimental conditions the possible metabolite was considered to be N-（2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl）-2-hydroxy-acetamide. Because of the presence of two chiral elements （asymmetrically substituted carbon and chiral axis）, the baseline separation of metolachlor enantiomers was not achieved. S-metolachlor degraded faster in soil than rac-metolachlor. After a 42-day incubation, 73.4% of rac-metolachlor and 90.0% of S-metolachlor were degraded. However, due to the absence of biological processes the degradation process in sterilized soil showed no enantioselectivity. The results indicated that enantioselective degradations could greatly affect the environmental fate of metolachlor and should be considered when the environmental behavior of these compounds was assessed.     

Activity, adsorption and mobility of three acetanilide and two new amide herbicides

Activity, adsorption, and mobility of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and microencapsulated (ME) formulations of alachlor and acetochlor as well as of metolachlor, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid and flufenacet were studied. Petri-dish bioassay, based on root response of oats ( Avena sativa L.), was used for their activity in sand and in a silty clay loam soil, and for determination of herbicide concentrations in soil solution (not adsorbed) and in column leachates of the adsorption and mobility studies respectively. Flufenacet and both acetochlor formulations showed the highest activity in both soils and ME-alachlor and metolachlor the lowest; the activity of dimethenamid, EC-alachlor and S-metolachlor was intermediate. Activity of both formulations of alachlor and acetochlor decreased with increasing organic matter content, but alachlor activity was reduced more than that of acetochlor. Lower amounts of dimethenamid and S-metolachlor were adsorbed by soil compared with the other herbicides and, consequently, greater amounts of these two herbicides were leached through that soil. None of the herbicides tested was detected below 30 cm. Less alachlor and acetochlor were biologically available in soil solution after their application as ME-formulations and, therefore, lower amounts of both ME-alachlor and ME-acetochlor were leached through the soil compared with those applied as EC-formulations.     

精异丙甲草胺在菜豆上的残留分析方法研究

摘要：样品经正己烷提取,弗罗里硅土固相萃取小柱净化,气相色谱仪检测。对菜豆和土壤中的精异丙甲草胺进行不同水平的添加回收率实验,方法的回收率为84.47％～105.92％,变异系数为0.87％～7.81％。精异丙甲草胺的最小检知量为1×10-11 g,它在土壤、植株、菜豆上的最低检出质量分数为0.01mg?kg-1。方法的精密度、灵敏度和准确度符合农药残留分析的要求。     

White bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) tolerance to preplant-incorporated herbicides

There is a limited number of registered herbicides in white beans. Field trials were conducted at two Ontario, Canada, locations (Exeter and Ridgetown) in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate tolerance of two white bean cultivars, AC Compass and OAC Thunder, to preplant-incorporated applications of S -metolachlor plus imazethapyr (1600 + 75 and 3200 + 150 g ai ha⁻¹, respectively), flumetsulam plus S -metolachlor ( premixed at 1443 and 2886 g ai ha⁻¹) and cloransulam-methyl (35 and 70 g ai ha⁻¹). There were no differences between the two cultivars in their responses to the herbicide treatments. S -metolachlor plus imazethapyr caused as much as 5% visual crop injury and decreased plant height up to 20%, shoot dry weight up to 39% and yield as much as 21%. Flumetsulam plus S -metolachlor caused as much as 7% visual crop injury and reduced plant height by up to 25%, shoot dry weight by up to 46% and yield as much as 24%. Cloransulam-methyl caused as much as 10% visual crop injury and decreased plant height up to 35%, shoot dry weight up to 55% and yield as much as 44%. There were no differences in seed moisture content among any of the herbicide treatments. This research suggests that the margin of safety of white bean is inadequate to support the preplant-incorporated registration of S -metolachlor plus imazethapyr, flumetsulam plus S -metolachlor and cloransulam-methyl in Ontario.