Defensive allomones in three species ofHypselodoris (gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Cantabrian sea

ThreeHypselodoris species,H. villafranca, H. cantabrica, and H. tricolor, have been studied in order to further investigate the defensive strategies of Chromodorididae mollusks from Iberian coasts. All animals possess large amounts of furanosesquiterpenoids, probably derived from their diet of sponges. The products are transferred and stored in specific sites of the mantle (mantle dermal formations, MDFs) to be used as chemical deterrents against predators. Chemical analysis of CantabrianHypselodoris species has led to the characterization of eight sesquiterpenoids. Among these, six have been found previously in both sponges and nudibranchs, while two are new natural products.Hypselodoris species cooccurring in the same area contained comparable mixtures of sesquiterpenoids. However, two populations ofH. cantabrica from different sites of the Cantabrian sea showed different metabolic patterns. All sesquiterpenoids induce feeding deterrence inCarassius auratus and two are also toxic toGambusia affinis.     

页岩气选区评价关键参数及上下限

四川盆地及其周缘页岩气资源丰富,选区评价是获取页岩气区块并实现勘探开发的前提,然而目前页岩气选区评价关键参数并不统一,关键参数标准及上下限仍存在争议并缺乏系统性研究,因此亟需建立一套适用于高热演化海相页岩气的选区评价体系。充分调研了国内外页岩气选区评价方法、行业和企业标准及公开文献,开展了各类选区评价参数统计,优选了选区评价关键参数,探究了每个关键参数的上下限,建立了页岩气选区评价关键参数取值范围标准。研究优选出7个页岩气选区评价关键参数,主要包括有机碳含量（TOC）、成熟度（R_O）、孔隙度、压力系数、埋藏深度、脆性矿物含量和页岩有效厚度。有机碳含量作为页岩气选区评价的首要关键参数,其下限可降到1.0%;成熟度R_O是页岩气聚集形成的重要指标,其下限仍为1.3%,上限可提高至4.0%;孔隙度作为页岩储层评价的重要参数,其下限仍为2.0%;压力系数作为页岩气的保存参数,其下限可降至1.0;页岩埋藏深度的上下限分别为1 000 m和5 000 m;脆性矿物含量作为压裂参数,其下限仍为40%;页岩有效厚度应选取TOC>2.0%、1.3%<R_O<3.5%、孔隙度>2.0%和脆性矿物含量>40%的页岩层段,其下限为20 m。优选的选区评价关键参数及建立的上下限标准,对中国复杂构造背景下的高过成熟海相页岩气的选区评价和高效勘探开发具有重要指导意义。     

■241.3 mm井眼等井径膨胀管封堵技术研究与评价

等井径膨胀管可作为临时套管为深部复杂地层构建临时井壁,实现复杂地层无内径损失的机械封堵作业,封堵后仍保持原有井身结构,为深井安全穿越复杂地层提供一种新的技术方案。文章在介绍等井径膨胀管系统的结构设计和技术原理基础上,重点从膨胀管材优选及应力分析、膨胀螺纹结构设计和变径膨胀锥优化设计三方面对系统关键技术进行研究,通过室内性能评价和全过程井下试验,验证了系统的功能和工艺的可行性。现场应用时,井下电视影像显示：等径膨胀后管体及螺纹仍具有良好的完整性和密封性,内径达245 mm,作为临时技术套管封堵地层,满足■241.3 mm钻头安全下入及钻井服役要求,为复杂地层等井径封堵应用奠定了基础。     

Phase formations in low density high entropy alloys

Phase formations in high entropy alloys (HEAs) with at least two light elements in literature are predicted by CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) thermodynamic calculations and the results are compared with experimental observations. The comparison suggests that the applicability of traditional CALPHAD calculations depends on the manufacturing processes of HEAs. Factors such as solute trapping, energies of defects need to be considered while predicting phases in HEAs prepared by non-equilibrium processes. The effects of light elements (Al, Ti, Si, alkali and alkaline earth metals) on the phase formations in HEAs are discussed. Especially, intermetallics predicted for Si-containing HEAs by traditional CALPHAD calculation can be suppressed in rapid solidification process, due to the solute trapping effect. Mg or other alkali and alkaline earth metals can lead to the formations of various intermetallics in HEAs prepared by conventional casting, but could be dissolved into solid solutions by non-equilibrium processes such as mechanical alloying. It is proposed that non-equilibrium processes may be an effective way to introduce light elements Si, alkali and alkaline earth metals into HEAs.     

Limitations of employing undirected information flow graphs for the maintenance of rigid formations for heterogeneous vehicles

In this paper, we consider the problem of decentralized control of a collection of heterogeneous vehicles trying to maintain a rigid formation. In a rigid formation of vehicles, the separation distance between any pair of vehicles does not change throughout their motion and equals a pre-specified value that defines the formation. In each formation, there is a set of reference vehicles and a set of following vehicles. A reference vehicle may not be influenced by the motion of the following vehicle, but the motion of the following vehicle is influenced by the motion of the reference vehicle. Since we will be primarily dealing with translational maneuvers of the formation, we will consider formations where there is only one reference vehicle whose motion specifies the desired motion for all the vehicles in the formation. Each following vehicle attempts to maintain a specified constant safe distance from its adjacent vehicles in the collection. We call a vehicle B adjacent to a vehicle A if the relative position of vehicle B is known to vehicle A either by communication or by sensing. We only consider information flow graphs that are undirected when restricted to the set of following vehicles, i.e., graphs where a following vehicle A is adjacent to a following vehicle B if and only if the following vehicle B is adjacent to the following vehicle A. We model each vehicle as a point mass of one unit with two types of forces act on each vehicle - a controlled force, which is the output of an actuation system and a disturbing force over which there is no control. The actuation system is assumed to be linear and time invariant, and may be representable by a rational and strictly proper transfer function. The input to the control system of a vehicle in the formation is based on the error in maintaining the desired separation from its adjacent vehicles and the output of the control system is a command to the actuator.An earlier result showed that spacing errors due to disturbances amplify in a collection of identical vehicles with identically structured linear controllers if the reference vehicle information is not available to Ω(n) (A function f(n) is Ω(g(n)) if there is a constant c > 0 and a N > 0 such that ∣f(n)∣ > c∣g(n)∣ for all n > N.) vehicles, n being the size of the collection [1]. From the viewpoint of tolerance to communication failures, it is therefore necessary that there be at least two vehicles in the formation that are adjacent to Ω(n) vehicles in the formation. In this paper, we consider a broad class of heterogeneously structured controllers defined by a pre-specified bound, say B_c > 0 as follows: the allowable controller in conjunction with the actuation systems on-board any vehicle will produce a force no greater than B_c in response to a constant input to the control system. If this class of controllers were to be employed with the aforesaid undirected information flow graphs, we show that there is a critical size of the formation beyond which the motion of the vehicles in the formation will be unstable. This result shows the inability to scale such controllers for maintenance of rigid formations in conjunction with undirected information flow graphs.     

Experiences after 10 years of waterflooding the Ekofisk Field, Norway

This paper describes the experiences and results after more than 10 years of waterflooding the fractured Ekofisk chalk formations from a reservoir engineering and reservoir management perspective. Water injection was initiated at Ekofisk in 1987 following two successful pilot projects. The waterflood was implemented in a series of stages, and currently 800,000 BWPD is being injected into the entire vertical column of the reservoir using 38 injectors in a staggered line drive pattern. A total of 2 billion barrels of water has been injected in the first 10 years of waterflood operations. Field average water production is currently below 80,000 BWPD. Oil rate responses, GOR declines and low water production rates indicate a very efficient oil displacement process is occurring. Examples of waterflood performance in terms of areal and vertical sweep efficiency, production responses and displacement efficiency will be reviewed together with overall reservoir management aspects including seabed subsidence and reservoir compaction.     

Characterization and prevention of formation damage for fractured carbonate reservoir formations with low permeability

Stress sensitivity and water blocking in fractured carbonate reservoir formations with low permeability were determined as the main potential damage mechanisms during drilling and completion operations in the ancient buried hill Ordovician reservoirs in the Tarim Basin. Geological structure, lithology, porosity, permeability and mineral components all affect the potential for formation damage. The experimental results showed that the permeability loss was 83.8%-98.6% caused by stress sensitivity, and was 27.9%-48.1% caused by water blocking. Based on the experimental results, several main conclusions concerning stress sensitivity can be drawn as follows： the lower the core permeability and the smaller the core fracture width, the higher the stress sensitivity. Also, stress sensitivity results in lag effect for both permeability recovery and fracture closure. Aimed at the mechanisms of formation damage, a modified low-damage mixed metal hydroxide （MMH） drilling fluid system was developed, which was mainly composed of low-fluorescence shale control agent, filtration control agent, lowfluorescence lubricant and surfactant. The results of experimental evaluation and field test showed that the newly-developed drilling fluid and engineering techniques provided could dramatically increase the return permeability （over 85%） of core samples. This drilling fluid had such advantages as good rheological and lubricating properties, high temperature stability, and low filtration rate （API filtration less than 5 ml after aging at 120 ℃ for 4 hours）. Therefore, fractured carbonate formations with low permeability could be protected effectively when drilling with the newly-developed drilling fluid. Meanwhile, field test showed that both penetration rate and bore stability were improved and the soaking time of the drilling fluid with formation was sharply shortened, indicating that the modified MMH drilling fluid could meet the requirements of drilling engineering and geology.     

Automatic Generation of Persistent Formations for Multi-agent Networks Under Range Constraints

In this paper we present a collection of graph-based methods for determining if a team of mobile robots, subjected to sensor and communication range constraints, can persistently achieve a specified formation. What we mean by this is that the formation, once achieved, will be preserved by the direct maintenance of the smallest subset of all possible pairwise inter-agent distances. In this context, formations are defined by sets of points separated by distances corresponding to desired inter-agent distances. Further, we provide graph operations to describe agent interactions that implement a given formation, as well as an algorithm that, given a persistent formation, automatically generates a sequence of such operations. Experimental results are presented that illustrate the operation of the proposed methods on real robot platforms.     

乳化压裂液在低渗强水敏地层中的应用研究

阿塞拜疆Kursenge和Karabagli油田属于中温、低压、低孔、低渗油藏,需要采用必要的增产措施以获得较高的单井产量,提高油藏整体动用程度。由于储层属低压、强水敏,不利于水力压裂增产作业,经过伤害因素分析和研究,研制出了低伤害乳化压裂液。该压裂液有助于保护储层,降低伤害,达到改造储层、提高产量的目的。现场应用表明,乳化压裂液施工成功率达100%,压裂后增产有效率达83%,效果明显的达50%以上。