Intelligent handling of data by integration of commonsense reasoning

Any intelligent problem solving system should be able, given the known data on a case, to decide whether some item of information is true, false or unknown. In this paper the way in which various forms of commonsense reasoning can be integrated to provide such decisions is described. To this end three structural types of knowledge defined over data, and four strategies for exploiting these structures, are identified. ‘Decide-Status’ integrates the reasoning strategies into a task frame. This frame structure not only integrates the reasoning but also affords the appropriate facilities for providing strategic justifications for its conclusions, if required.     

Fodor and Pylyshyn on connectionism

Fodor and Pylyshyn (1988) have argued that the cognitive architecture is not Connectionist. Their argument takes the following form: (1) the cognitive architecture is Classical; (2) Classicalism and Connectionism are incompatible; (3) therefore the cognitive architecture is not Connectionist. In this essay I argue that Fodor and Pylyshyn's defenses of (1) and (2) are inadequate. Their argument for (1), based on their claim that Classicalism best explains the systematicity of cognitive capacities, is an invalid instance of inference to the best explanation. And their argument for (2) turns out to be question-begging. The upshot is that, while Fodor and Pylyshyn have presented Connectionists with the important empirical challenge of explaining systematicity, they have failed to provide sufficient reason for inferring that the cognitive architecture is Classical and not Connectionist.     

Flow modelling within non-homogeneous packings: The structural macro-correlations

The pressure drop and the fluid velocity profiles were investigated experimentally and numerically in the model packings of complex geometry. The numerical estimations were performed by means of the hybrid method involving the use of structural macro-correlations. In this paper it has been demonstrated on several examples that the structural macro-correlations allow to predict the macro-scale flow behaviour in non-homogeneous packings. Finally, the recent mechanistic approaches to flow modelling in packed tubes of low tube-to-particle diameter ratio have been discussed.     

从贝叶斯方法看溯因推理

皮尔斯指出溯因或溯因推理（abduction）是不同于归纳和演绎的第三种推理,然而皮尔斯对溯因概念的定义是模糊的,于是便出现溯因悖论：溯因既属于归纳又不属于归纳。本文基于贝叶斯方法对归纳的理解和处理,考察了当代两种典型的消解溯因悖论的路径,即辛提卡区分定义性规则和策略性规则的措施,以及利普顿的IBE理论。指出这两种路径均是行不通的,而贝叶斯方法却可以容纳溯因性归纳和溯因,从而消解溯因悖论。     

板金液压柔性技术及其产品设计

板金液压柔性成形具有诸多的优点,受到了汽车、航空航天等领域设计和研究者的普遍重视。文章主要介绍了板金液压柔性成形技术的内涵和外延,针对所提出的无模液压柔性成形技术和复合液压柔性成形技术,从不同的工艺方法入手,基于所研制的液压柔性成形设备,介绍了相关的飞机等领域产品特点以及设计要点,并对其中的关键工艺参数进行了描述。     

Learning Causes: Psychological Explanations of Causal Explanation1

I argue that psychologists interested in human causal judgment should understand and adopt a representation of causal mechanisms by directed graphs that encode conditional independence (screening off) relations. I illustrate the benefits of that representation, now widely used in computer science and increasingly in statistics, by (i) showing that a dispute in psychology between mechanist and associationist psychological theories of causation rests on a false and confused dichotomy; (ii) showing that a recent, much-cited experiment, purporting to show that human subjects, incorrectly let large causes overshadow small causes, misrepresents the most likely, and warranted, causal explanation available to the subjects, in the light of which their responses were normative; (iii) showing how a recent psychological theory (due to P. Cheng) of human judgment of causal power can be considerably generalized: and (iv) suggesting a range of possible experiments comparing human and computer abilities to extract causal information from associations.     

张爱玲的《诗》学修养

作为一位有深厚古典文学修养的现代作家,张爱玲对《诗经》情有独钟。她不仅在自己的小说、散文中反复阐释《诗经》,而且在创作上也化用《诗经》意境。张爱玲说《诗》用《诗》,未必称得上严格的《诗》学,但她灵活的解说和巧妙的化用,却又使《诗经》呈现出别样的风味。     

概念转喻视角下反义同词的分类

反义同词,又叫一词两反义,指同一个词能表示两个相对或相反的意义,这种"义兼正反"的语言现象,就是反义同词。根据不同的依据,反义同词可划分为不同的类别,文章运用认知语言学中的概念转喻相关理论,把反义同词中两义项的反义关系识解为一种转喻关系,根据反义同词生成过程中所体现的转喻关系的类型对反义同词进行分类。     

基于专家系统解释机制的报告生成方法

结合智能系统的解释理论,提出了一个基于专家系统解释机制的报告生成方法.这个方法首先根据需求建立基于规则的专家系统,然后使用跟踪解释法实现其解释机制,最后对解释信息进行一定的排版,作为最终的报告.同时,介绍了这种方法在实际乒乓球比赛分析上面的一个应用,该应用可以从一场比赛双方的胜局数、总分数、相持阶段得分贡献率中分析得出比赛报告.最后,对提出方法从开发成本和功能两个方面进行了分析,得出此方法既考虑了开发成本又兼顾了功能.