Nephelometric study of salivary protein–tannin aggregates

Grape seed procyanidins were fractionated through different degrees of polymerisation, and human saliva was purified and separated into two fractions: one was mostly α‐amylase and the other was essentially proline‐rich proteins (PRPs). The interaction of these proteins with the procyanidin compounds was assayed using nephelometry, and the influence of several factors was investigated, such as degree of polymerisation, pH and concentrations of both protein and tannin. The same experiments were performed with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The amount of insoluble aggregates, resulting from the formation of polyphenol–protein aggregates, increased quickly up to a maximum value which thereafter remained practically unchanged. pH was set at 5.0 for all further assays, since it was the nearest value to that encountered in human saliva (pH 5.6–7.9), where proteins were stable and had a maximum ability to bind and precipitate procyanidin oligomers. These proteins were shown to have a strong affinity for procyanidin oligomers and were unable to resolubilise the polyphenol–protein aggregates when present in excess. PRPs required a much lower content to bind all the tannins (400 µg of procyanidin oligomers) than BSA and especially α‐amylase (48, 60 and 132 µg respectively). The procyanidin's ability to bind PRPs, BSA and α‐amylase increased with its average molecular weight. This ability increased regularly for PRPs up to 4500 Da, whereas the ability to bind the globular proteins decreased beyond 3400 Da. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determination and Health Implication of the Erucic Acid Content of Broccoli Florets, Sprouts, and Seeds

The erucic acid content of broccoli florets, sprouts, and seeds was found to be about 0.8, 320, and 12100 mg/100 g, respectively. Using the erucic acid limit established for canola oil in the U.S.A. and Canada as a guideline, the estimated dietary intake of erucic acid from florets and sprouts was considered of little consequence, whereas in seeds a relatively small amount (about 35 g/wk) equaled our calculated exposure limit for erucic acid. Additionally, the most complete fatty acid distribution yet published for the various forms of broccoli are presented.     

Gurum Seeds: A Potential Source of Edible Oil

Cucurbitaceae family seeds are mostly discarded as agro-industrial wastes. Gurum (Citrullus lanatus var. colocynthoide) is an underutilized wild cucurbit plant, closely related to desert watermelon, which is grown abundantly in some African countries. Gurum seeds can play a significant role in health and nutrition due to their high oil content. This review describes the nutritional composition of gurum seeds and their oil profile. Gurum seeds are a good source of oil (27–35.5%), fiber (26–31%), crude protein (15–18%), and carbohydrates (14–17%). Gurum seeds oil is extracted by supercritical CO₂ (SFE), screw press, and solvent extraction techniques. The gurum seeds oil is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with a high proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2) and oleic acid (C18:1). Gurum seeds oil contains various bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, phytosterols, and polyphenols. It is reported that solvent extraction gives a higher yield than the screw press and SFE, but the SFE is preferred due to safety issues. More studies are required for producing better quality gurum seeds oil by using novel extraction techniques that can increase oil yield.     

葡萄籽油的提取方法及精炼工艺研究进展

葡萄酒生产过程中的下脚料,经过清洗、烘干等处理,分离出葡萄籽.所得葡萄籽通过压榨法、溶剂提取法或超临界流体萃取法得到葡萄籽毛油,所得毛油经脱胶、脱酸、水洗干燥、脱色、脱臭、特色过滤等精炼工艺最后得到精制成品油.本文对葡萄籽油的提取方法及精炼工艺研究进展进行了综述.     

层析法分离提取葡萄籽原花青素的进一步研究

以吸附量和解吸率为指标,比较了7种大孔吸附树脂对原花青素的静态吸附解吸性能并考查了AB—8树脂对原花青素的吸附特性及机理。实验结果表明:AB—8树脂是较理想的吸附剂;在溶液中AB—8树脂对原花青素的吸附达到平衡的时间为240 min,吸附行为符合Langmuir等温方程;最佳动态吸附参数原花青素提取液浓度4.0 mg/mL,吸附流速2 BV/h(1BV=13.03 mL)用40%乙醇溶液洗脱。AB—8树脂适合于柱层析操作分离原花青素。     

莫来石晶种对反应烧结ZrO2/莫来石复相陶瓷显微结构的影响

通过显微结构观察研究了莫来石晶种对反应烧结ZrO2/莫来石复相陶瓷显微结构的影响。研究结果表明：与不含晶种试样相比，添加Ma(d50=1.87μm)和Mb(d50=0.83μm)晶种试样的显微结构比较均匀，莫来石晶粒多呈等轴状，且大小均一，晶内型ZrO2和封闭气孔较少。添加晶种对莫来石晶粒有明显细化作用。但晶种添加量和晶种颗粒尺寸对反应生成莫来石的晶粒尺寸无明显影响。采用溶胶－凝胶法制备的莫来石晶种（Mc)使试样中长出了一定量的长柱状的莫来石晶粒。     

Free primary alcohols in oils and waxes from germs,kernels and other components of nuts,seeds, fruits and cereals

The composition of free primary alcohols in oils and waxes obtained from the germ, kernel, seed coat, shell and skin (peel) of various nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and from the chrysalis of silkworm was examined. These alcohols are usually present in small amounts, along with large quantities of hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides in oils and waxes. Thus, it is necessary to remove hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides to analyze the alcohols. We found that preparative reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was the best way to isolate alcohols from oils and waxes. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) then detected hexacosanol, octacosanol and triacontanol in the oils and waxes. Octacosanol usually was the predominant alcohol. Relationships between the organs from nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and the contents of octacosanol are suggested. For example, degermed kernels contained two times more octacosanol than the germ, and the skin coat and shell contained one-half and one-fortieth the octacosanol of the germ, respectively.     

Variation in fatty acid composition of the different acyl lipids in seed oils from fourSesamum species

Seeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn. and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum and Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil content and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The wild seeds contained less oil (ca. 30%) than the cultivated seeds (ca. 50%). Lipids from all four species were comparable in their total fatty acid composition, with palmitic (8.2–12.7%), stearic (5.6–9.1%), oleic (33.4–46.9%) and linoleic acid (33.2–48.4%) as the major acids. The total lipids from selected samples were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography into five fractions: triacylglycerols (TAG; 80.3–88.9%), diacylglycerols (DAG; 6.5–10.4%), free fatty acids (FFA; 1.2–5.1%), polar lipids (PL; 2.3–3.5%) and steryl esters (SE; 0.3–0.6%). Compared to the TAG, the four other fractions (viz, DAG, FFA, PL and SE) were generally characterized by higher percentages of saturated acids, notably palmitic and stearic acids, and lower percentages of linoleic and oleic acids in all species. Slightly higher percentages of long-chain fatty acids (20∶0, 20∶1, 22∶0 and 24∶0) were observed for lipid classes other than TAG in all four species. Based on the fatty acid composition of the total lipids and of the different acyl lipid classes, it seems thatS. radiatum andS. angustifolium are more related to each other than they are to the other two species.