CO2驱沥青质沉积对致密储层的伤害机理——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长8储层为例

为了揭示CO2驱替过程中沥青质沉积对致密储层的伤害机理,文中基于岩心核磁共振T2谱测试原理,开展了CO2注入压力下的岩心驱替实验,研究了沥青质在岩心中的沉积特征,评价了沥青质沉积对储层的伤害程度。实验结果表明:沥青质沉积量和渗透率伤害率随着CO2注入压力的升高呈现先快速上升后趋于平缓的趋势;在CO2注入过程中,沥青质主要沉积在弛豫时间大于10 ms的大、中孔隙,导致大、中孔隙占比下降,微细、小孔隙占比增加,且随着CO2注入压力的升高,大、中孔隙占比下降幅度增大,微细、小孔隙占比上升幅度增大;此外,沥青质沉积会引起润湿性发生反转,随着沥青质沉积量的增加,润湿反转指数增大,岩心润湿性不断向强油湿方向转变。     

PREDICTING THE TIMING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM FORMATION USING TAR MATS AND PETROLEUM ASPHALTENES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE NORTHERN NORTH SEA

The Northern Viking Graben area in the Norwegian North Sea was studied in order to investigate the petroleum formation characteristics of the Upper Jurassic Draupne Formation. In this area, the organofacies of the Draupne Formation, and consequently its petroleum generation characteristics, show significant variations. These variations represent a major risk, particularly in the context of basin modelling studies. Therefore, tar‐mat asphaltenes, oil asphaltenes and source‐rock samples from this area were studied in order to evaluate the use of migrated asphaltenes from petroleum reservoirs and tar mats in basin modelling. The samples were studied using bulk kinetic analysis, open‐system pyrolysis‐gas chromatography and elemental analyses, and the results were integrated into a basin modelling study. The results from these different sample materials were compared both to each other and to natural petroleum, in order to assess their significance for future petroleum exploration activities. We show that in cumulative petroleum systems, the transformation characteristics of the asphaltenes incorporate those of the individual source rock intervals which have contributed to the relevant reservoir system. Thus, the petroleum formation window predicted by the use of asphaltene kinetics is broad, and covers the majority of the formation windows predicted from the individual source rock samples. In addition, the molecular characteristics of asphaltene‐derived hydrocarbons show that compositional characteristics, such as aromaticity, correspond more closely to natural oils than to the respective source‐rock products. Our results confirm that the heterogeneous nature of the Draupne Formation results in a significantly broader petroleum formation window than is conventionally assumed. We propose that oil and tar‐mat asphaltenes from related reservoirs represent macromolecules which account for this heterogeneity in the source rock, since they represent mixtures of charges from the different organofacies. One conclusion is that the use of oil and tar‐mat asphaltenes in kinetic studies and compositional predictions may significantly improve definitions of petroleum formation characteristics in basin modelling.     

渣油胶质和沥青质在分散型催化剂作用下的临氢热反应行为

采用四组分法从辽河减压渣油中分离出胶质、沥青质，分别考察了它们在分散型催化剂作用下的临氢热反应行为。结果表明，胶质、沥青质一方面要裂化生成较轻的产物；另一方面也要发生缩合反应生成较重的反应产物以及甲苯不溶物。渣油在临氢热反应过程中，沥青质是生焦的主要来源，其次才是胶质。比较了热反应生成的沥青质与原生沥青质之间以及热反应生成的胶质与原生胶质之间化学组成的区别，结果表明，反应生成的沥青质和胶质较原生的沥青质和胶质分子结构缩合程度高，并且反应苛刻度越高，缩合程度也越高。     

常压渣油热反应过程中胶体的稳定性

利用质量分数电导率方法研究了中东和克拉玛依常压渣油在热反应过程中胶体的稳定性。结果表明，随着反应时间的增长，在热反应生焦诱导期内，渣油的胶体稳定性迅速下降；开始生焦后，胶体稳定性缓慢下降。从中东常压渣油的SARA四组分的数均相对分子质量、碳氢元素组成、平均芳碳率等方面探讨了中东常压渣油在热反应过程中胶体稳定性下降的原因。结果表明，在热反应中，由于裂解和缩聚反应的共同作用，使渣油的沥青质和饱和分含量上升，芳香分含量下降，胶质含量变化不大；随着热反应的进行，四组分的数均相对分子质量均呈下降趋势，导致了渣油胶体稳定性的下降并发生生焦反应。     

孤岛原油正庚烷和正戊烷沥青质乳化能力研究

从孤岛原油中分离出正戊烷和正庚烷沥青质，元素分析和红外光谱分析结果表明，相对分子质量较大的正庚烷沥青质，含杂原子和极性基团较多。将两种沥青质溶于甲苯配制的模型油，分别与蒸馏水、模拟地层水、0～900mg／LHPAM溶液、0～500mg／L黏土液按1：10体积比充分乳化，测定静置时水相（水包油乳状液）透光率，据以考察沥青质的乳化能力，结果表明：正庚烷沥青质的乳化能力强于正戊烷沥青质；矿化离子使沥青质的乳化能力减弱；随聚合物浓度增大，沥青质乳化能力增强；黏土在浓度小于200mg／L时使乳化能力减弱，浓度大于200mg／L时使乳化能力增强。模型油与HPAM溶液间的界面张力，在聚合物浓度100mg／L时有最小值，在500mg／L时有最大值，正庚烷沥青质模型油的界面张力随聚合物浓度的变化较剧烈。正庚烷模型油在聚合物溶液中的乳化油滴直径分布范围较正戊烷模型油窄，聚合物浓度较大时，油滴直径分布范围较宽。正庚烷沥青质模型油与黏土液闸的界面张力，在黏土液浓度增至300mg／L时略有升高，浓度继续增大时大幅升高，而正戊烷模型油的界面张力在黏土液浓度300mg／L时有最低值。图9表3参7。     

悬浮床加氢裂化油溶性催化剂与沥青质的作用

在高压釜反应器中对添加了油溶性 Ni 催化剂(UPC-O)和水溶性 Ni 催化剂(UPC-W)的辽河稠油常压渣油(LHAR)进行了悬浮床加氢裂化实验。通过元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析对抑制反应生焦效果好的 UPC-O 与 LHAR 沥青质的作用进行了研究。元素分析结果显示,在 LHAR 中加入 UPC-O1000μg/g,沥青质和脱沥青质油中 Ni 含量分别出476μg/g和110μg/g 增加到7 559μg/g 和1 024μg/g,表明 UPC-O 在沥青质中有富集的趋势。FTIR 表征结果显示,UPC-O 和沥青质发生了相互作用。UPC-O 可在沥青质原位硫化为活性组分,对沥青质在悬浮床加氢裂化反应中的缩合起到好的抑制作用。     

沥青质沉积引起的储层损害与对策

综述了近年来受到国际石油界普遍关注的沥青质沉积引起近井地带储层损害的问题。综述论题有：前言；原油沥青质吸附沉积过程及其对产能的影响；沥青质沉积的清除方法；结论：沥青质沉积对储层的损害和对产能的影响是不可忽视扩要损害形式为孔喉堵塞，润湿反转和微粒运移等，沥青质沉积主要是原油所处热力学条件变化，原油中沥青质絮凝并沉降的结果。这类储层损害应以早期预防为主，一旦发生严重损害，应采取有效方法清除沉积的沥青质，使油井恢复产能。     

克拉玛依原油中各组分的乳化性质

用沉淀法和色谱分离法将克拉玛依原油分离成沥青质，极性物和抽余油三组分，红外光谱分析表明，沥青质和极性物中存在一些含氧官能团的羧酸类或酚类以及含氮化合物，而抽余油则主要为烃类物质，因而沥青质和极性物的界面活性大于抽余油，沥青质具有较强的油包水（W／O）乳化能力，是造成克拉玛依原油W／O乳化的主要组分，极性物具有较强的水包油（O／W）乳化能力，是造成克拉玛依原油O／W乳化的主要组分，抽余油的乳化能力很弱。     

Simulation of Natural Depletion and Miscible Gas Injection Effects on Asphaltene Stability in Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Natural depletion of petroleum reservoirs as well as gas injection for enhance oil recovery, are unavoidable processes in the oil industry. Foremost, prediction of the problems due to these two processes is very necessary and important. So many field and experimental experiences have shown that heavy organic depositions, especially asphaltene deposition, are principal results during these processes. Results of laboratory simulation of asphaltene deposition during the natural depletion of petroleum reservoirs and also during gas injection and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes are reported here. This is achieved through the design of a new experimental setup for the investigation of pressure and composition effects on asphaltene deposition in petroleum fluids at high pressure and high temperature conditions. In this work, asphaltene deposition during decreasing pressure, from pressures greater than reservoir pressure to pressures below the bubble point pressure (natural depletion) and also asphaltene deposition during natural gas injection in reservoir conditions, are studied for three samples—one recombined sample and two bottomhole samples. All of the obtained results from this work conform to theoretical and other experimental works.