水文缆道自动化测控系统研制

为解决水文缆道存在的自动化程度低、操作不便等问题,从系统的功能、原理及软硬件设计等方面入手,开发研制了水文缆道自动化测控系统信号采集与传输、流量测控自动化和流量计算软件等关键模块。与人工吊箱流速仪测量进行的比测试验表明：水文缆道自动化测验控制系统采用的部分技术达到了国际先进水平,在流量、流速及水深等方面的测量误差均满足《水文缆道测验规范》和《河道流量测验规范》的要求。     

Identification and correction of water velocity measurement errors associated with ultrasonic Doppler flow monitoring

Ultrasonic Doppler flow monitoring (UDFM) is used to measure water flow in pipes and channels. However, a lack of scattering particles and signal noise can cause velocity errors, particularly for smaller discharges and surface water ('clean') flows. A postprocessing methodology is presented that identifies and corrects these errors, maximising the value of existing data. Test criteria are used to identify errors. The error correction procedure defines depth–velocity relationships from cleaned 'training data' representing the range of flow conditions (including backed up) and uses these relationships to replace erroneous velocities automatically. UDFM velocity errors have been successfully identified and corrected in example applications. Routine use allows early identification of changes in instrument or site behaviour. The methodology is practical, consistent and updateable. This is a significant advancement over previous methods for correcting velocity errors, improving the applicability of UDFM.     

Sampling Errors for Water Resources Design: The Need for Improved Hydrometry in Developing Countries

In recent years, there has been a marked decline in the amount of hydrological data being collected in many parts of the developing world. This paper reviews some of the arguments in favour of the continued collection of hydrological data. The technical case is based on the need for long record lengths in order to obtain a reasonable estimate for the mean and variability of river flows. Estimates are presented for the dependence of the standard error on record length for the case of the main sample statistics, for reservoir design and for flood estimation. Typical values are presented both in general terms and for some specific historical time series. The current status of hydrological data collection in Africa is then contrasted with the situation in Europe before concluding with the results of several case studies of schemes in Africa and Asia whose operational performance has been affected due to insufficient hydrological data.     

虹吸式雨水排放系统的安装质量控制与排水能力测试

通过对虹吸式雨水排放系统的监理实践,总结了其安装施工的质量控制要点,并介绍了某工程中虹吸式雨水排放系统的排水能力测试方案及分析计算。     

HSK-1型微机测流系统的开发应用

微机测流系统对流速仪信号进行数字化处理，利用单片机模拟人的听觉功能，准确计时计数。软件系统运行于Windows9x／2000／xp环境下，能完成流量、输沙率测验中的数据采集计算和成果打印功能。系统与水文整编程序连接，测验成果进入水文数据库后，可生成实测流量、输沙率成果表，满足水文测验规范和整编规范要求，同时还能以文字档案和电子档案两种形式存档。     

堰塞湖水文应急监测方案的设计

结合高危型堰塞湖的水文应急监测方案的设计,得出应遵循以及时准确获取信息的技术方法,安全简便的监测手段,监测信息应构成必需的完整体系的设计原则;阐述了水文应急监测方案的设计,应充分考虑堰塞湖区域的特殊地质环境,针对堰塞体监测、堰塞湖区域的水文应急监测网络的建设、堰塞湖关键地点的实时视频监视,采用与社会经济的发展、科学技术的进步相适应的监测手段,获取必要的系统水文监测信息,为防灾减灾提供水文应急监测基础信息支撑的具体设计方法.     

ADCP在断面流速流向分布测验中的应用

江河水域在洪水期间通常需要对多个断面开展流速流向分布测验,为提高测验精度和效率需要优选最佳方法,针对传统流速流向仪测验法存在的缺陷,结合河口区的江道和潮汐特性,采用走航式声学多普勒流速仪(ADCP)沿断面走航进行流速流向测验,并以钱塘江三江口河段流速流向分布测验为例,得到了各断面垂线平均流速流向及分层流速信息表、断面垂线平均流速流向分布图和断面流速等值线图,结果表明该方法快速、高效清晰直观,机动性强。     

水文测验中两种测速垂线精简算法比较研究

随着中小河流治理项目的推进,改革水文测验方式,探索测流方式方法技术创新势在必行。本研究依托南京信息工程大学学生水文测验教学实习过程中组织开展的2次测速垂线优化精简实验,收集了渔梁水文站2次多测速垂线流量测验数据,针对原精简算法在流量误差最小的寻优过程中可能删去最有代表性的垂线这一问题,设计了直接寻求流量误差最小的测速垂线组合的新算法,并深入分析了两种精简算法对流量误差的影响。结果表明:测站目前采用的常测法选取的13根固定垂线代表性较好,流量测验精度较高;对比原算法,新的垂线精简算法在相同垂线数目下,流量误差更小,测验精度更高;由新算法,特殊水情下单垂线测流可考虑将垂线位置布设在起点距84 m处;流量相对误差大小随着优选垂线数量的增加呈指数递减规律。本研究所提的垂线精简算法有助于提高实验的精度,可为基层水文站开展垂线精简分析工作,进行测流方式改革提供参考。     

河流水面成像测速方法的比测试验研究

大尺度粒子图像测速(LSPIV)是一种新兴的非接触式瞬时全场流速测量技术。以LSPIV为基本原理,针对现场条件下特有的水流示踪物、复杂的光学成像环境及受限的测点布设方式,通过对流场图像采集、水面背景抑制、运动矢量估计、时均流场重建、水面流场定标及断面流量估计等技术方法的集成创新,建立一套完整的河流水面成像测速(RSIV)工作模式。为评价RSIV的性能并提出研究需求,在现场开展与流速仪法和雷达法的比测试验。结果表明,RSIV法的时均流速测量精度可以达到0.5 mm/s以内,相比流速仪法具有更高的时空分辨率。当流速系数和断面划分方式选择合适时,流量估计值和雷达法的一致性较好。试验初步验证河流水面成像测速方法用于河流流速、流量测量的可行性。