Efe fathers: one among many? A comparison of forager children's involvement with fathers and other males

The study reported describes Efe (pygmy) forager one-, two-, and three-year-olds' involvement with males. The Efe of northeastern Zaïre were chosen because their social organization allows us to examine hypotheses based on studies in Western, technologically complex societies about the distinctive role fathers play in the lives of their young children. Behavioral observations of Efe children's day-to-day activities with fathers, men and boys were recorded using a focal subject sampling technique (Altmann, 1974). Two behavioral measures were created to capture the extent to which males were involved with children: Social engagement describes males' involvement with children and social attention describes eavesdropping by children on males' everyday activities. Eight one-year-olds, 7 two-year-olds and 8 three-year-olds were each observed for six, one-hour observation sessions that were distributed evenly over the daylight hours. Data were analyzed using the traditional measure of involvement (e.g., adult males) and using a newly developed measure of the involvement of the average individual (e.g., average adult mate). Comparisons at each of the ages showed that fathers were consistently like other men in the extent to which children participated in social activities with them and watched their activities. Only fathers' level of social engagement declined significantly as children grew older. Boys' role relative to other males became increasingly distinctive as children aged. The findings suggest that Efe fathers may not be unique in the same sense assumed by Western study ideals, and raise questions about the special status given to fathers in Western theory and data. The patterning of mate involvement with children is discussed in terms of Efe community life, and in terms of Efe children's developing understanding of their relationship with fathers and other males.     

Children's gender- and age-based categorization in similarity and induction tasks

The present studies examined children's and adults' preferences for gender- or age-based categorization using similarity and inductive inference tasks. Four-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults looked at pictures of people and decided which of two was more like a target (similarity condition) or which shared a novel age- or gender-related property with the target (inference condition). Age or gender-based matches were possible. The results are consistent with previous findings that gender-based classification decreases with age. However, they also demonstrate that children use gender more for judging similarity than for making inferences about novel properties. Distinct patterns emerge from the two tasks: 6-year-olds and adults in both conditions categorize more by age than gender; 4-year-olds categorize by gender more than age in the similarity task, but by age more in the induction task. Only adults differentiated by property in the inference condition. These findings suggest that the salience of gender categories cannot entirely be attributed to their inductive potential. Gender has a salience beyond what would be predicted by its power for directing novel generalizations.     

维护校园网络环境纯洁促进教育管理工作发展--网络文明调查带来的思考

通过调查,掌握第一手资料,了解目前我院校园网络中存在的问题与不足,并从我院的实际出发,结合学生教育管理工作的特点,提出了一些创造性的观点与建议,为我院学生教育管理工作更好开展提供了借鉴.     

Re-Visioning Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Constructionist notions have become commonplace in theoretical discussions of the self, but are seldom translated into consideration of specific social work practice concerns such as ADHD. Explorations of ADHD, on the other hand, typically emphasize a narrow, medically-oriented symptom picture that is devoid of the psychosocial context in which the so-called symptoms emerge. A transactional approach to the understanding of ADHD is advanced. This article promotes a link between constructionism and social work's psychosocial or person-in-environment perspective. Such a perspective supports approaches to the assessment of ADHD that illuminate larger cultural messages and their constraining influence on individual meaning-making. Intervention, conducted at multiple levels, must be geared to the establishment of more hopeful and affirming narratives.     

后现代主义教育视野下的师生观

后现代主义(postmodernism)是20世纪后半叶在西方社会流行的一种哲学、文化思潮。它脱胎于信息化后工业社会。后现代教育思想作为整个后现代思潮的一部分,它强调个人选择和参与,崇尚创造性、差异性、多样性、不确定性和建构性,主张教师与学生之间应建立一种平等的对话关系。这对我国当前的教育研究及教育改革,尤其是课堂教学改革具有一定的指导意义。     

和谐社会视域中的利益关系与企业社会责任

本文通过对企业社会责任与利益关系协调的探讨,建议企业在建立现代企业制度的同时,也要承担相应的社会责任,促进利益关系协调,推动社会各个方面和谐发展,共同进步。     

试论制度的技术本质 --从技术哲学的视角看

制度问题是一个具有特殊重要性的问题。不同学科基于各自的分析目的,对其都有不同的理解。政治学、经济学和社会学等学科各自从不同的角度研究制度理论,而技术哲学特别是社会技术哲学是从新的视角来思考制度的技术本质,技术哲学语境下的制度是社会技术的“物”化,是一种规范的、重要的“社会技术”形式。     

科学与技术关系的演进历史探究

科学与技术关系是科技史上一个重要问题,本文以科学与技术关系的历史演进为中心进行论述。立足科技史,首先对科学与技术的定义进行了概括,辨析了科学与技术的区别,然后着重阐述了科学与技术本质联系的演进历史阶段：平行发展时期、相互作用时期和融合创新时期。     

以人为本的社会属性与实现途径

中国共产党创立的科学发展观,强调核心是以人为本,其中的“人”是全体人、多需人、多代人。社会主义制度从根本上铲除了人的劳动成果异化为奴役人的工具的社会基础,人民群众成为社会的真正主人,中国共产党除了人民群众根本利益以外,没有任何特殊利益,这就为人的自由全面发展开辟出广阔的实现途径。     

“联系说”视角下商标俗称抢注案的法律思考

商标权的客体为相关公众所认知的商标与商标所标识的商品或服务之间的联系,以此为基础可以认定商标俗称的抢注构成对商标权的侵犯,同时,商标俗称可以被认定为近似商标的一种形式,从而适用《商标法》第52条的规定。此外,在商标俗称的问题上,不能适用法律对驰名商标的特殊保护。