Comparative ecologies of domestic and naturalised rainbow trout in northern Lake Huron

Northern Lake Huron (Ontario, Canada) supports the largest concentration of freshwater salmonid cage culture farms in Canada and receives inputs of domestic‐strain rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through escapement. We assessed the potential effects of these domestic fish on the naturalised rainbow trout of this ecosystem by comparing their respective ecologies. Mature adults were sampled from spawning tributaries, primarily in spring, and to a lesser extent in fall. Fish of domestic origin comprised ~80% of rainbow trout sampled from sites near cage culture facilities but <20% of rainbow trout sampled from more distant sites. Domestic adults in spawning condition (gametes free‐flowing) were present in the spawning tributaries in both spring and fall sampling seasons, whereas naturalised fish in spawning condition were only observed in the spring. Domestic adults were younger and smaller (in length), appeared to have shorter lifespan and had a higher male to female ratio compared with their naturalised counterparts. Growth rates (change in length with age) of naturalised and domestic females in the wild were similar, but domestic males grew more slowly than naturalised males. Domestic females also produced smaller eggs than naturalised females. Food web positions (inferred from δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) of domestic and naturalised fish were very similar but varied more strongly with body size in the former. Domestic‐strain rainbow trout of cage culture origin can survive, grow and attempt to spawn in northern Lake Huron and have the potential to compete for food, mates and spawning habitat with naturalised rainbow trout.     

不同药肥对香瓜土壤线虫群落的影响

通过施用不同药肥，研究其对香瓜根际线虫数量、土壤线虫群落的影响。结果表明，阿维?噻唑磷颗粒剂、复合芽孢杆菌水剂＋氨基酸、复合芽孢杆菌水剂、石灰氮、木霉菌能降低盆栽香瓜根际土壤线虫总数、植物寄生性、杂食性线虫、食真菌类线虫、捕食类线虫，其中对杂食性线虫的影响最大。从不同药肥处理对根结线虫数量的影响和防效来看，复合芽孢杆＋氨基酸处理和阿维?噻唑磷、石灰氮处理均取得不错的防治效果，平均防治效果为58.34%～100%，但三者之间差异不显著。从农产品质量安全和生态安全的角度出发，复合芽孢杆＋氨基酸具有更广阔的应用     

Diets of endangered silver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana,Kirtland, 1844) in Lake Erie and implications for recovery

Silver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana, Kirtland, 1844) is a native Cyprinid in Lake Erie, one of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. It is listed as endangered by the US state of New York and Canada, which has a recovery plan, and as special concern by the state of Michigan. Silver chub faces a potential threat to recovery from control efforts for invasive Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes 1844). Among the knowledge gaps for protection and restoration is current diet data. I describe the diet of silver chub from western Lake Erie in 2014, and I compare it to past studies to assess changes in diet through time. Silver chub captured in bottom trawls May–September 2014 were frozen in the field, and stomach contents were preserved in ethanol. Diet taxa were identified to the lowest practical taxonomic unit, then dried and weighed. Frequency of occurrence in silver chub diets was highest for Hexagenia spp. mayflies (79%). Dreissena spp. and Hexagenia spp. were both 41% of the diet by dry weight. Analysis of δ¹³C isotopes identified Hexagenia spp. as the primary source of carbon in silver chub. Compared to past studies, Dreissena spp. have mostly replaced Sphaeriidae and Gastropoda in silver chub diets. There also have been seasonal shifts in relative amounts of shelled organisms and Hexagenia spp. This study and past research suggest a functional link between silver chub and Hexagenia spp. abundance. Maintenance and recovery of silver chub may be dependent on maintaining Hexagenia spp. populations.     

基于MaxEnt模型的可可潜在适宜分布研究

根据野外采样和文献查阅,系统整理了可可的地理分布记录,并利用MaxEnt生态位模型和ArcGIS软件对可可的潜在适宜分布范围进行预测。结果表明:北美洲南部、中南美洲北部、非洲西部、亚洲东南部以及太平洋美拉尼西亚群岛地区均是可可的潜在适宜分布区域。其中,中国海南、台湾南部、云南西双版纳、广东雷州半岛也属于可可的适生范围。经ROC(Receiver operating characteristic)曲线分析法验证,MaxEnt模型的AUC(Area under curve)值为0.977,表明预测结果具有较高的可信度。各环境变量重要性的Jacknife检验表明,极端最低温度、年降雨量、年温度变化范围、最暖季降雨量对可可的潜在分布影响最大。     

黄土丘陵区不同管理方式下草地优势种群的生态位

以吴起县杨青川流域草地为研究对象,对封育(Enclosure)、放牧(Grazing)、施肥(Fertilization)、刈割(Clipping)、灭鼠(Deratization)5种管理方式的草地群落进行调查,并运用Levins生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠指数对5种管理方式下主要植物种群生态位特征进行分析。结果表明,达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)和硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)的种群总生态位宽度较大,封育放牧施肥刈割灭鼠管理模式下,生态位宽度最大的分别是达乌里胡枝子、赖草、紫花地丁(Viola philippica)、达乌里胡枝子和猪毛蒿,生态位宽度值大于4的物种数分别为6、6、3、4和3种。不同管理方式下各种对间的重叠指数平均值由大到小依次封育放牧施肥刈割灭鼠。施肥管理中,种群间生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间存在线性关系,其它管理方式中种群生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间不存在线性关系。生态位分析表明,封育和放牧管理下种群间对资源的需求趋于相同,彼此间通过竞争共存,有利于群落演替,草地生态系统逐渐得到恢复,施肥、刈割、灭鼠管理使群落物种竞争排序发生变化,破坏了草地生态系统原有的竞争机制,导致群落向简单群落演替。从牧草发展角度出发,封育、施肥和刈割有利于优质牧草生长。     

甘南草原3种啮齿动物的食性及其营养生态位特征

研究啮齿动物的食性及其营养生态位特征不仅可以了解高寒草甸环境变化下物种的食性适应特征,还可探讨多种啮齿动物的种间关系。本研究采用粪便显微组织观察法,分析了甘南草原高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）、高原鼢鼠（Eospalax baileyi）和喜马拉雅旱獭（Marmota himalayana）3种啮齿动物的食性及营养生态位特征。结果发现：3种啮齿动物所采食的植物种类基本相同,但其比例各异;高原鼢鼠所采食的植物主要是珠芽蓼（Polygonum viviparum）和鹅绒委陵菜（Potentilla anserina）等杂类草,且对莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物的采食量显著高于其它两种动物,高原鼠兔主要采食禾本科（Poaceae）植物,喜马拉雅旱獭则主要采食禾本科和菊科（Asteraceae）植物;营养生态位宽度依次为喜马拉雅旱獭>高原鼢鼠>高原鼠兔,其中高原鼠兔与喜马拉雅旱獭的营养生态位重叠最大（0.52）。3种啮齿动物在食物上存在分化,营养生态位分离,是其共存的重要原因。     

兰州引黄灌区玉米田杂草群落及生态位研究

对兰州引黄灌区玉米田杂草进行了研究,初步了解了其杂草种类和杂草种群的消长动态。主要杂草有打碗花、田旋花、藜、刺儿菜、荠菜、稗草、马齿苋、反枝苋、狗尾草。主要杂草的干重为藜、反枝苋、稗草分别列第1、第2和第3位。生态位的研究结果表明,藜的时间、水平、垂直生态位宽度值最高,分别为0.952 6,0.971 8,0.937 9,其危害最大;其次为反枝苋和稗草。藜、反枝苋和稗草为优势种群,与玉米存在时间、水平、垂直空间的竞争激烈,并且这3种杂草的生态位重叠值也最大,因此在使用一种除草剂时,可能会导致另两种杂草的发生与蔓延。马齿苋尽管数量最多,但其在垂直方位的生态位宽度值最小,对玉米影响小,处于劣势。除草处理各经济性状指标值均较不除草对照高,其折合产量为10 111.11 kg/hm2,较不除草处理增产36.19%。     

Recent Advances in the Enhancement of Agroecosystem Services and Functioning by Cotton-based Intercropping Systems

Cotton-based intercropping systems are one of modern agriculture farming systems aiming at improving overall economic profitability of cotton field, which not only release the competition for land between other crops and cotton and increase growing area and yield of both crops, but also represent a mechanistic approach to reconciling crop production and biodiversity conservation. Recently, cotton-based intercropping systems have been widely focused and applied. Here, we reviewed the potential of cotton-based intercropping systems to reinforce agroecosystem services and functioning, including promoted plant biodiversity, improved overall productivity and economic profits, increased light use efficiency, improved cotton quality, reduced pest and disease occurrence, and suppressed weed growth. Further, the underlying mechanisms behind the enhancement of agroecosystem services and functioning by cotton-based intercropping systems through niche complementarity, interspecific facilitation, and allelopathy between intercropped species were summarized in the paper. Finally, the research prospects were also pointed out.     

沙湖水体富营养化评价及防治对策

本文采用营养状态指数法对沙湖营养状况进行综合评价。评价结果表明,沙湖富营养化日趋严重,已经由2002年的轻度富营养发展到2005年的中度富营养,磷和有机污染物是沙湖富营养化限制因子。对富营养化成因进行分析,结果表明外源污染和内源释放是造成沙湖富营养化的主要原因,黄河补水和地表径流是主要的外污染源,最后根据分析结果提出沙湖富营养化的防治对策。     

Yin-yang Balance Therapy on Regulating Cancer Stem Cells

Researches have shown that cancer stem cells,regulated by the niche where they reside,are the roots of oncogenesis,relapse and metastasis.To date,very few treatments have targeted on cancer stem cells....