Improvement of functional properties of acid-precipitated soy protein by the attachment of dextran through Maillard reaction

The functional acid-precipitated soy protein (SAPP)–dextran conjugate was prepared by dry-heated storage at 60 °C under 79% relative humidity (RH) for 5 days through Maillard reaction between the ε-amino of lysine in soy proteins and the reducing-end carbonyl residue in the dextran. The covalent attachment of dextran to SAPP was confirmed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. Functional properties of soy protein depend on the structural and aggregation characteristics of their major components (storage globulins 7S and 11S). The conjugate seemed to be predominantly formed by 7S, and the acidic subunits of 11S in soy protein. The emulsifying properties of the SAPP–dextran conjugate were about four times higher than those of SAPP. The solubility of the protein was not enhanced as a result of preheating, but rather it was not decreased when the conjugated protein was heated at 90 °C for 20 min due to the presence of the polysaccharide. The excellent emulsifying properties of SAPP–dextran conjugate were maintained even at pH 3.0 and were further improved at pH 10.0. The object of Maillard reaction is to guarantee the suitable reaction degree, and the resulting soluble conjugate can have excellent emulsifying properties.     

烟草花蕾酶解基底高效制备美拉德反应中间体研究

美拉德反应中间体Amadori重排产物（ARP）作为烟草重要潜香物,具有常温下化学性质稳定,加热后可快速形成新鲜风味的特性,是性能优异的潜在烟用香料。为了获得产率高、能明显改善烟香品质的ARP产品,本研究以烟草花蕾为原料制备烟草花蕾酶解液,以此为溶剂,在控温真空条件下补充脯氨酸和葡萄糖以促进脯氨酸-葡萄糖ARP的合成。结果表明,烟草花蕾酶解物作为反应溶剂在90℃,25 mbar条件下反应120 min获得的ARP产率较水溶液反应体系由39.91%提高至92.20%,实现了烟草花蕾脯氨酸-葡萄糖ARP的高效制备;化学反应动力学分析表明,烟草花蕾酶解液体系制备ARP反应活化能为14.64 kJ/mol,低于水溶液制备体系（25.68 kJ/mol）,合成更易进行。卷烟加香感官评吸结果表明,烟草花蕾基ARP能有效改善烟气品质,提高香吃味。     

L-苯丙氨酸参与的Amadori化合物的合成及其在卷烟中的应用

研究了L-苯丙氨酸参与的Amadori化合物的合成反应条件,及该产物对卷烟吸味的影响。结果表明,用乙醇、丙二醇作溶剂,D-木糖或D-果糖作反应物,反应物配比为1∶3所得的Amadori产物对烟草的作用效果较明显。利用裂解-气/质联用仪（PYROLYSIS-GC/MS）测定了L-苯丙氨酸与木糖反应生成的Amadori化合物在300℃下裂解产生的多种致香成分,证实了L-苯丙氨酸与还原糖生成的Amadori化合物能改善卷烟制品的抽吸效果。     

不同生态区域烤烟Amadori化合物含量与烟叶品质的关系分析

为明确不同生态区域烤烟中Amadori化合物含量(质量分数)差异,选取8个不同香型风格烤烟生态区249份烟叶样品,分析了不同生态区域Amadori化合物含量及其相关性,以及与化学品质指标间的关系.结果表明:①8个香型风格烤烟生态区不同部位烟叶Amadori化合物总量整体表现为:上部叶>中部叶>下部叶,基本服从正态分布,...     

Nε-carboxymethyllysine is formed during heating of lysine with ketoses

In a model system with lysine monohydrochloride and various reducing sugars, the contents of N^ε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) were measured after heat treatment at 98°C for 3–24 h. The results show for the first time that CML could be formed by the reaction of lysine and fructose or lysine and sorbose. The formation of CML also shows time-dependent differences between aldoses and ketoses. After heating up to 6–12 h, the reaction of lysine with ketoses leads to similar amounts of CML as the reaction with aldoses, whereas after longer heating significantly more CML was produced by the reaction with aldoses. The highest CML contents (2380 mg CML kg^?1 lysine) were measured in the galactose model system after heating for 24 h.     

美拉德反应产物对肠道微生物影响的研究进展

美拉德(Maillard)反应是食品加工、贮藏及烹饪过程中普遍存在的重要反应。Maillard反应会导致蛋白质或氨基酸的胃肠消化性下降,进而增加其进入大肠被肠道微生物发酵利用的可能性。本文主要综述Maillard反应产物对肠道微生物生长及其发酵代谢产物形成等影响的研究进展,旨在为研究Maillard反应产物、肠道微生物与健康的关系提供参考。     

Effect of salt and sucrose addition on the formation of the Amadori compound from methionine and glucose at 40 °C

Four model solutions with the Maillard precursors methionine and glucose were reacted at 40 °C for up to 15 days. The solutions had a high or low precursor concentration leading to either high or medium water activity (0.96; 0.86). The water activity of the two other solutions was reduced by adding either salt or sucrose. Glucose, methionine and the Amadori compound (Fru–Met) were quantified after 1, 2, 6, 10 and 15 days. The results show that high salt and sucrose levels had a much more pronounced influence on glucose consumption and Fru–Met formation than differences in water activity. Glucose degradation and Fru–Met formation was favoured by high sucrose levels and inhibited by high NaCl levels.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定烟草中6种Amadori化合物

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定烟草中6种Amadori化合物的定性和定量分析方法。试样以70%甲醇水溶液为萃取剂,经过正交实验优化后的超声萃取条件为：料液比1∶30、萃取功率120 W,萃取时间25 min。所得萃取液用正己烷洗涤除去杂质后,在选择反应监测模式下进行液相色谱-串联质谱定性及定量分析,其中Amadori化合物采用外标标准曲线法定量。结果表明：所测定的6种Amadori化合物线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.995 0。方法的检出限（LOD）为20.06~39.86 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为66.85~132.9 μg/kg,平均回收率在86.56%~88.86%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于5%。该方法简便、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于烟草中Amadori化合物的定性和定量分析。     

The Comparison of the Contents of Sugar,Amadori, and Heyns Compounds in Fresh and Black Garlic

Black garlic is produced through thermal processing and is used as a healthy food throughout the world. Compared with fresh garlic, there are obvious changes in the color, taste, and biological functions of black garlic. To analyze and explain these changes, the contents of water‐soluble sugars, fructan, and the key intermediate compounds (Heyns and Amadori) of the Maillard reaction in fresh raw garlic and black garlic were investigated, which were important to control and to evaluate the quality of black garlic. The results showed that the fructan contents in the black garlics were decreased by more than 84.6% compared with the fresh raw garlics, which translated into changes in the fructose and glucose contents. The water‐soluble sugar content was drastically increased by values ranging from 187.79% to 790.96%. Therefore, the taste of the black garlic became very sweet. The sucrose content in black garlic was almost equivalent to fresh garlic. The Amadori and Heyns compounds were analyzed by HPLC‐MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode using the different characteristic fragment ions of Heyns and Amadori compounds. The total content of the 3 main Amadori and 3 Heyns compounds in black garlic ranged from 762.53 to 280.56 μg/g, which was 40 to 100‐fold higher than the values in fresh raw garlic. This result was significant proof that the Maillard reaction in black garlic mainly utilized fructose and glucose, with some amino acids.