Bioavailability and Toxicity of Metal Nutrients during Anaerobic Digestion

This paper investigates the effect of chelating agents on the bioavailability of Fe and Cu during anaerobic digestion. The results on metal speciation and methane production in anaerobic serum bottles showed that biomass was able to grow in the presence of citrate 1?mM and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) 1?mM, suggesting that the binding sites at the cell surface competed efficiently for the metals with the chelating agents added. The presence of free ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 1?mM inhibited methanogenesis, and this seemed to be related to a loss in metal uptake capacity. Although the addition of soluble microbial products (SMP) did not change metal distribution in anaerobic systems, it caused an increase in the rate of methane production, and it is believed that direct uptake of Cu-SMP complexes was responsible for this increase. The best protection against Cu toxicity occurred when stoichiometric amounts of NTA, which should complex and solubilize most of the Cu, was added, and it is likely that NTA prevented lethal concentrations of Cu from being adsorbed onto the cell and hence internalized.     

A combo technology of autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification processes for groundwater treatment

In this study,a sequential process (heterotrophic up-flow column and completely mixed membrane bioreactors) was proposed combining advantages of the both processes.The system was operated for 249 days with simulated and real groundwater for nitrate removal at concentrations varying from 25 to 145 mg·L-1 NO3-N.The contribution of heterotrophic process to total nitrate removal in the system was controlled by dozing the ethanol considering the nitrate concentration.By this way,sulfur based autotrophic denitrification rate was decreased and the effluent sulfate concentrations were controlled.The alkalinity requirement in the autotrophic process was produced in the heterotrophic reactor,and the system was operated without alkalinity supplementation.Throughout the study,the chemical oxygen demand in the heterotrophic reactor effluent was (23.7 ± 22) mg·L-1 and it was further decreased to(7.5 ± 7.2) mg·L-1 in the system effluent,corresponding to a 70％ reduction.In the last period of the study,the real groundwater containing 145 mg·L-1 NO3-N was completely removed.Membrane was operated without chemical washing in the first 114 days.Between days 115-249 weekly chemical washing was required.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MIXING: POWER CONSUMPTION AND DEGREE OF SUSPENSION

An experimental study on mixing, degree of suspension and power consumption in solid-liquid suspensions was done. A system similar to those found in anaerobic fermentation processes of animal manures was used, and an existing mixing equipment was adapted for the study. Power consumption and degree of suspension for both mechanical mixing and mixing by gas was determined. The influence of variables such as geometry, solids concentration, stirrer velocity, and gas velocity was studied, discussed, and compared to data from the literature. Best results were obtained for gas mixing, the power consumption being about one fourth of that required by mechanical agitation. Finally, extended correlations relating Power and Reynolds numbers for mechanical mixing and mixing by gas are proposed.     

有机废水资源化技术——厌氧发酵产氢

氢气作为一种清洁高效的可再生能源日益受到重视。利用有机废水发酵产氢,既保护环境又可获得氢能,是一条符合可持续发展战略的废水资源化途径,极具发展前景。作者介绍了厌氧发酵产氢原理以及影响因素等,并就以有机废水为对象发酵产氢的研究进行了探讨,建议了有机废水厌氧产氢的研究方向。     

强化反应器中厌氧颗粒污泥的形成过程

本文就啤酒废水处理过程中厌氧颗粒驯化过程及微生物群落等进行光学显微镜和扫描电镜跟踪观察和研究。结果表明，厌氧序批式反应器(Anaeroibc Sequencing Batch Reactor．ASBR)在处理啤酒废水过程中，厌氧颗粒污泥的形成过程分五个阶段，即细菌增殖阶段、小颗粒污泥形成阶段、小颗粒污泥聚合阶段、初生颗粒污泥阶段和成熟颗粒污泥阶段。     

煤气废水在不同生化环境中的处理效果分析及工艺优化

生物处理方法是煤气废水处理的核心工艺,生物处理的功效决定了煤气废水处理的经济可行性。通过研究煤气废水中主要污染物在厌氧和好氧生物处理系统中的去除效果,分析污染物在不同的生化环境中的降解特征,进而提出一种新型煤气废水生物处理工艺。     

厌氧型888－1石油专用胶的研究与应用

厌氧型８８８－１石油专用胶是胜利油田和烟台环宇高新技术研究所联合研制的，是我国首次试用成功的厌氧型国产石油专用胶。本文阐明了该胶的固化机理、研制过程、试验数据及油田实地使用情况。８８８－１石油专用胶经专家鉴定后，很快在胜利油田各采油厂试用成功，又在中原油田、大庆油田及中国石油天然气总公司下属很多单位推广应用，均取得了明显的经济效益，充分显示了该胶的应用前景和巨大生命力。     

厌氧生物滤池在生活污水厌氧-好氧组合处理工艺中的应用

摘要：根据农村生活污水的特点及选择处理工艺应考虑的因素,构建了适应分散式生活污水处理要求的“厌氧消化-缺氧-好氧-人工湿地”组合工艺。本文系统阐述了厌氧生物滤池反应单元在“厌氧消化-缺氧-好氧-人工湿地”工艺去除化学需氧量(COD)的作用,着重分析了水力停留时间（HRT）对厌氧生物滤池处理效果、产气效能、运行特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,厌氧生物滤池单元经过65d的中低温驯化后稳定运行,在HRT为72h条件下,厌氧系统污水COD去除率约37.8%。与跌水接触氧化和人工湿地工艺联用后,平均出水COD 39.3mg•L-1,平均去除率为86.2%,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）中COD项目的一级A标准。     

Maximizing biogas production from the anaerobic digestion

This paper presents an optimal control law policy for maximizing biogas production of anaerobic digesters. In particular, using a simple model of the anaerobic digestion process, we derive a control law to maximize the biogas production over a period T using the dilution rate as the control variable. Depending on initial conditions and constraints on the actuator (the dilution rate D(·)), the search for a solution to the optimal control problem reveals very different levels of difficulty. In the present paper, we consider that there are no severe constraints on the actuator. In particular, the interval in which the input flow rate lives includes the value which allows the biogas to be maximized at equilibrium. For this case, we solve the optimal control problem using classical tools of differential equations analysis. Numerical simulations illustrate the robustness of the control law with respect to several parameters, notably with respect to initial conditions. We use these results to show that the heuristic control law proposed by Steyer et al., 1999 [20] is optimal in a certain sense. The optimal trajectories are then compared with those given by a purely numerical optimal control solver (i.e. the “BOCOP” toolkit) which is an open-source toolbox for solving optimal control problems. When the exact analytical solution to the optimal control problem cannot be found, we suggest that such numerical tool can be used to intuiter optimal solutions.     

薄壁不锈钢管波纹卡粘式连接方法及性能研究

介绍了薄壁不锈钢管波纹卡粘式连接的原理、安装方法、注意事项以及工程应用情况,试验研究了波纹卡粘式连接件的连接强度、密封性、使用寿命等。结果表明:经完全固化后,波纹卡粘式连接件的最大破坏扭矩达到41N·m,接近于DN15薄壁不锈钢管产生塑性变形时的扭矩强度;连接密封性能相关的8项指标全部符合国标要求。在550℃的高温炉内,连接件的泄漏量为0.02m3/h,远小于规定的0.17m3/h。根据阿累尼乌斯图推算出连接件的使用寿命可达70a以上。卫生检测显示连接件中的厌氧胶不会影响水质,清洁卫生。