基于qPCR和LAMP技术的马铃薯晚疫病菌快速检测方法

马铃薯晚疫病菌（Phytophthora infestans）能侵染多种茄科植物,它引起的马铃薯晚疫病,是马铃薯生产中的第一大病害。为了开发能在田间快速检测马铃薯晚疫病病原的方法,利用P. infestans T30-4基因组测序数据的contig 1.18131,设计qPCR和LAMP引物,优化扩增条件后得到引物的特异性和灵敏度,最后通过检测田间收获薯块,比较形态学传统方法、qPCR及LAMP的差异。特异性检测结果发现,qPCR和LAMP仅在含有P. infestans DNA模板的体系有阳性扩增,在寄主和其他微生物DNA中均无扩增;在优化的条件下,qPCR和LAMP的检测下限可达1×10 ^-6ng/μL,在有寄主和其他微生物DNA存在的条件下,引物的灵敏度没有显著差异。利用两种快速方法对在大理、丽江及昆明3个地区田间收获薯块上检测发现,qPCR和LAMP方法得到的检出率差异极为不显著（P=0.420）,两种快速检测方法和形态学鉴定方法检出率差异极显著（P=0.009）。在大理、丽江及昆明3个地区的薯块中,两种分子检测方法检出率均比形态学方法高。其中,qPCR检测方法比形态学方法分别提高了12.00%、2.00%、8.70%;LAMP检测方法比形态学方法分别提高了11.30%、2.00%、8.70%。     

应用极大似然法分析小麦穗长的遗传

采用质量—数量性状遗传的极大似然分析方法,对长穗小麦品系93(220)的主茎穗长进行了质量—数量遗传模型测验和主、微基因效应与变异估计。结果表明:长穗小麦新品系93(220)的主茎穗长为一典型的质量—数量性状,由一个主基因和若干微基因共同控制;一对隐性主基因控制穗长,附合加性——显性遗传模型,F1代表现为部分显性,隐性主基因增加主茎穗长的效应平均为1.47,微基因遗传效应为2.83cm,隐性主基因个体主茎穗长表现为长穗。     

分离群体中常染色体上标记基因的数量遗传方差——Ⅰ.含有一个数量性状位点(QTL)时的计算方法

应用常染色体上的标记基因研究能够加快数量性状的遗传进展。亲代由标记基因遗传给后代的加性遗传方差值可以用来测定标记基因这种效益。分别在个体水平上以及在复合连续平衡的分离群体水平上建立了标记基因加性遗传方差值的理论方程。这些方程包括与标记基因连锁的数量性状位点数、这些数量性状位点的效应值以及与标记基因有关的重组率。并就分离群体中标记基因加性遗传方差的期望值进行了推导。在分离群体的系谱选择方案中,常染色体上遗传方差中绝大部分与位于该染色体上的标记基因相关。对于牛的一个平均长度染色体来讲,这部分值大约是该染色体孟德尔分离方差值的40% 。标记基因的位置效应和干扰因素对这一期望值的影响是很小的,而染色体的长度对期望方差值影响很大。如果标记基因缺乏多态型以及染色体替代效应估计偏差会大大降低MAS的选择效果。常染色体上标记基因遗传方差期望值的大小表明:即使当标记基因处在一个非活动位点,在分离群体中,仍有较大的染色体替代效应存在。     

Molecular genetics of behaviour: research strategies and perspectives for animal production

Genetic factors are undoubtedly involved in inter-individual variability of the behaviours that may be important for livestock production, as shown by pedigree studies, comparison of genetic stocks raised in the same environment, and selection experiments. The knowledge of gene polymorphisms responsible for genetic variability would increase the efficiency of selection, as shown for instance by the identification of the ryanodine receptor gene that harbours the mutations responsible for the porcine stress syndrome, that allows the eradication of the susceptibility allele. One strategy is to screen systematically the genes that are known to be involved in regulation of behaviour (functional candidate genes). This strategy is however very difficult for most behavioural traits, since behaviour is an emerging function from the whole brain/body and the molecular pathways involved in genetic variability are very poorly understood. Another strategy is to investigate linkage between trait variation and genetic markers in a segregating population (usually an intercross or backcross between two strains or breeds contrasting for the trait under study). It allows the detection of genomic regions influencing that trait (quantitative trait loci or QTL), and further investigation aims at the identification of the gene(s) located in each of these regions and the molecular polymorphisms involved in phenotypic variation. Although many QTL have been published for behavioural traits in experimental animals, very few examples are available where strong candidate genes have been identified. Further progress will be very much dependent upon the careful definition of behavioural traits to be studied (including their importance for animal production), on the reliability of their measurement in a large number of animals and on the efficient mastering of environmental factors of variability. The fast increase in the knowledge of genome sequence in several species will undoubtedly facilitate the application to farm animal species of the knowledge obtained in model organisms, as well as the use of model organisms to explore candidate genes detected by QTL studies in farm animals.     

The genetic susceptibility of HLA-DRB1 alleles in esophageal neoplasm of Hubei Han Chinese

AIM: To probe into the genetic susceptibility of HLA-DRB1 alleles to esophageal neoplasm in Hubei Han Chinese. METHODS: HLA-DRB1 gene polymorphism in 42 patients with esophageal neoplasm and 136 normal control subjects was studied by PCR and sequence. RESULTS: Allele frequency of HLA-DRB1 *0901 allele was significantly higher in esophageal cancer patients than those in normal controls(0.2500 vs 0.1397, P =0.028; the odds ratiO².053; etiologic fraction 0.1282).There were no association between the rested HLA-DRB1 alleles with patients. CONCLUSION: Individuals carrying HLA-DRB1 *0901 may be susceptible to esophagealo carcinoma, its nucleotide sepuence approachs to the corresponded allele sequence(exoN²)published in GenBank.     

陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替研究一撂荒演替序列

用系统聚类法划分陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒地的次生演替阶段，可以定量的认识不同年限、立地条件下撂荒地群落的相似性，结合DCA数量排序确定撂荒地的演替阶段或序列。其撂荒演替的各阶段分别为：一年生杂类草猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）＋其它杂类草群丛→一年生杂类草猪毛蒿群丛→一年生杂类草猪毛蒿＋多年生草种或小灌木的共优群丛一根茎禾草冰草（Agropyroncristatum）群丛→多年生草本或丛生禾草＋一年生杂类草群丛→多年生草本群丛→小灌木达乌里胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica）群丛→多年生草本＋小灌木或密丛型禾草群丛→短根茎密丛型禾草白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）群丛。     

137Cs示踪法在东北松嫩平原土壤侵蚀定量评价中的应用

根据不同退化程度草原和不同开垦年限农田土壤137Cs放射强度分析结果表明:与轻度退化草原相比,中度退化和重度退化中的137Cs放射强度分别下降了21%和52%。草原土壤开垦后,137Cs放射强度明显下降,开垦7年、15年、33年后,137Cs的放射强度分别只有轻度退化草原的37%、31%和26%。相关分析表明,伴随着土壤侵蚀的发生,土壤有机质含量、全N含量以及阳离子交换量下降。137Cs放射强度与土壤有机碳、土壤全N、交换性K和阳离子交换量呈极显著的正相关。     

添加不同酵母培养物对瘤胃纤维分解菌群和纤维素酶活的影响

用3种酵母培养物(YC- 1、YC 2和YC- 3)分别饲喂4头带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的肉牛,研究培养物对瘤胃发酵、纤维分解酶活性和3种纤维分解菌数量的影响,结果表明:YC 2处理的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总 VFA浓度显著高于对照组(P<0 .05),YC 1和YC 3处理的乙酸/丙酸比例显著降低(P<0 .01);各处理均能显著提高瘤胃内羧甲基纤维素酶、水杨苷酶和木聚糖酶的活性(P<0 .01);各处理都显著提高黄化瘤胃球菌的相对比例(P<0 .01),16SrRNA特异性寡聚核苷酸探针杂交法分析测定结果表明 3 种纤维分解菌在瘤胃细菌中所占比例为 3. 80%±0 .2%。     

Early and 24 h post-mortem thigh (ilio tibialis) muscle metabolism and meat quality in two genetic types of turkeys and their reciprocal crosses,raised under semi-confined conditions

1. The experiment was conducted in order to determine the effect of the direction of turkey crossing on quality traits of their thigh muscle.

2. In total, 1358 turkeys of slow- (SG) and fast-growing (FG) lines as well as SF crosses (SG × FG) and FS crosses (FG × SG) were reared with access to free range to 21 weeks of age in the case of males and 15 weeks of age in the case of hens.

3. After slaughter of 15 males and 15 hens from each genetic line, their thigh muscles were examined and the following traits were measured after 5-min, 45-min, 2-h and 24-h post-mortem: temperature, pH, glycogen content (G), lactate content (L) and electrical conductivity (EC). Quality attributes were evaluated based on chemical composition, water holding capacity, cooking loss (%) and colour.

4. The rate of post-mortem changes in temperature, G, L and pH in muscles differed among the 4 lines of turkeys, with the highest metabolic rate determined for muscles of SG turkeys, followed by muscles of SF, FS and FG birds. A more beneficial muscle water holding capacity of both sexes of turkeys and better results of cooking loss in male muscles were found in SG and SF turkeys. The thigh muscles of the crosses were characterised by a higher content of protein and a lower content of fat compared to the muscles of FG turkeys, and in the case of the males also by a higher protein content compared to the muscles of SG birds.

5. Owing to the faster post-mortem metabolism, better water holding capacity, lower cooking loss and fat content at a similar content of protein, the thigh muscles of SF crosses raised in the free range system represent a better quality of meat for consumers compared to the thigh muscles of FS turkeys.     

小麦茎秆实心度对茎秆强度的影响及相关性状QTL分析

在QTL水平上研究茎秆实心度与强度的遗传关系及实心度对茎秆强度的影响,为小麦抗倒伏育种提供依据。利用普通小麦宁麦18与实秆小麦种质"武云实秆"的F2群体和F2:3家系,对小麦茎秆强度、实心度及影响实心度的相关性状包括厚径比、壁厚、茎粗和髓腔直径进行了相关分析,并对茎秆强度相关性状QTL进行分子标记定位及遗传效应分析。结果表明小麦茎秆强度与厚径比、壁厚均呈极显著正相关,与髓腔直径呈极显著负相关。基于复合区间作图法进行QTL定位,检测到与茎秆强度、厚径比、壁厚、茎粗和髓腔直径相关QTL共23个,分布在1B、3B、4A、4B、5A上,表型贡献率3.5%~44.0%。在染色体3B、4A和5A上的标记区间gwm547–gwm247、wmc718–wmc468和gwm156–gwm443均检测到贡献率很高的茎秆实心度相关QTL,说明在这3条染色体上可能存在控制茎秆强度的主效QTL。用普通小麦宁麦13(N13)×武云实秆的24个F7家系检验分子标记gwm247的可靠性表明利用标记gwm247选育茎秆实心度优于宁麦13的概率较大。研究结果为进一步精细定位相关主效QTL以及分子标记辅助改良小麦茎秆强度奠定了基础。