Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.     

不同供磷水平对辣椒根系形态和根际特征的影响

以辣椒品种线椒王为试验材料，采用盆栽方式，通过分析不同施磷水平下辣椒根系形态和根系生理的变化，探究辣 椒磷高效利用的主要根系及根际过程。结果表明，辣椒地上部和根系生物量随供磷水平的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势，整 株磷浓度以及整株磷累积量呈增加趋势。随供磷水平增加，根系总根长呈先增加后下降趋势，根系平均直径、根冠比呈逐渐 降低趋势；辣椒根系菌根侵染率和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性呈现先增加后下降的趋势。相关分析结果表明，土壤有效磷浓度和整 株磷浓度与根系平均直径、菌根侵染率呈极显著负相关，与总根长可用一元二次方程拟合，表明辣椒根系适应低磷的根际特 征可能是通过增加根系生物量及总根长，同时降低根系平均直径来实现的。     

施磷对苜蓿光合产物在根茎叶的分配及抗蓟马的影响

为了明确施磷后紫花苜蓿根、茎、叶中光合产物分配与苜蓿抗蓟马能力的关系,本试验以紫花苜感虫品种‘甘农3号’和抗虫品种‘甘农9号’为材料,以北方苜蓿蓟马类优势害虫牛角花齿蓟马(Odontothripsloti)为研究对象,设0mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)、27mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)、54mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)、81mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)和108mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)5个磷水平,分别记为P0、P1、P2、P3和P4,在苜蓿6叶期,按3头·株~(-1)接入牛角花齿蓟马,分别于苜蓿持续受害7 d、14 d和21 d时,评价苜蓿的受害指数,测量单株叶、茎、根生物量和根、茎、叶中的可溶性糖和淀粉含量。结果表明:随着施磷水平的升高,‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’苜蓿的受害指数降低,总体以P3水平下最低;受害7 d时,两个苜蓿品种受害指数均下降但不显著;受害14 d和21 d时受害指数下降显著(P0.05)。施磷后苜蓿根、茎和叶生物量均显著增加,在蓟马为害前期(7d)和中期(14d)苜蓿受害较轻时,生物量向叶中分配较多;在受到持续较重的为害后(21d),苜蓿的生物量更多向根系分配,相应分配到叶部的生物量有所下降,茎秆中的生物量分配比例变化不显著。相对于‘甘农3号’,各施磷水平下‘甘农9号’分配到叶中的生物量更多。施磷后苜蓿根、茎和叶中可溶性糖和淀粉含量显著增加,随着受害时间的持续,苜蓿根、茎和叶中的淀粉含量总体下降,而可溶性糖含量持续增加;在受害14 d和21 d时,‘甘农9号’的叶和根中的可溶性糖及淀粉含量明显高于‘甘农3号’。总之,施磷可有效增强苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性,在虫害压力适中时,施磷促进了苜蓿地上部分的补偿生长,虫害压力较大时,施磷保证根系的生长以维持其生存。随着受害时间的持续,苜蓿存贮型碳水化合物淀粉的含量趋向减少,根、茎和叶中的可溶性糖含量升高,使较多的资源用于苜蓿光合器官和贮藏器官的构建。P3水平[81 mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)]为本试验中苜蓿最佳施磷水平。     

根土空间对花生营养器官氮、磷、钾吸收积累变化的影响

为探讨花生高产适宜根系的大小,确定作物根系生长的合理空间范围,为花生高产新品种选育和栽培提供理论依据。以高产花生品种青花7号为试材,设长×宽×深分别为40 cm×20 cm×20 cm、40 cm×20 cm×40 cm、40 cm×20 cm×60 cm、40 cm×20 cm×80 cm 4种大小不等的根土空间,采用网袋法,研究了根土空间对花生营养器官氮、磷、钾吸收积累变化的影响。结果表明,根土空间过小限制了花生根茎叶生物量、氮磷钾含量和积累量的提高,当限根深度超过60 cm后,根土空间大小对花生根茎叶生物量、氮磷钾含量和积累量的影响变小。说明限根深度超过60 cm后,根土空间大小已不是限制花生吸收氮磷钾素的关键因素,限根深度不小于60 cm的根土空间是花生获得较高产量水平的一个必要条件。     

Mass balanced based LCA of a common carp-lettuce aquaponics system

An aquaponics system (AS) is an integrated system that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and a hydroponics system (HS). It is designed to recover nutrients released from fish and transfer them to plants to provide a system more environmentally-friendly than the two systems working separately. As a result, several AS are under development, but little information is available about their overall performances. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient-use efficiency and environmental impacts of an AS, specifically a common carp-lettuce AS located in a greenhouse. Nutrient budgets of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were calculated and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the AS and for a lettuce Individual Hydroponics System (IHS), similar to the HS of the AS, operating in the greenhouse at the same time. The experiment was performed over a 52-day cycle, which corresponds to the growing time required to harvest marketable lettuce. The nutrient budgets were well balanced, with 24.6% of the N unaccounted-for, most likely due to N2 gas emission, and 6.6% of the P unaccounted-for, most likely due to having underestimated the quantity of sediment. At the beginning of the experiment, N represented 55.9%, 37.1% and 0.1% of the total N input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, N represented 47.6% and 0.4% of the total N input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, P represented 56.94%, 40.20% and 0.03% of the total P input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, P represented 51.52% and 0.42% of the total P input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. LCA clearly indicated two environmental impact hotspots: the origin of nutrients and energy use. One kg of lettuce growth in the AS clearly had lower environmental impacts than that in the IHS for climate change, acidification, eutrophication, land competition and cumulative energy demand; however, a decrease in water dependence was not observed. The indicator for net primary production use highlighted the dependence of the AS on natural resources, especially fish meal and fish oil. Compared to the use of chemical nutrients in the IHS, the use of nutrients from formulated feed in the AS decreased climate change impact but increased the use of natural resources.     

5个竹种林下土壤营养元素含量比较

[目的]比较不同竹种林下土壤的营养元素含量。[方法]在福建农林大学百竹园内选取大明竹、牡竹、角竹、花巨竹和大木竹5个竹种,分别于春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对其林下土壤进行"S"型多点采样,对其氮、磷、钾含量进行测定。[结果]大明竹、牡竹、角竹、花巨竹和大木竹5个竹种林下土壤的营养元素含量皆较高,但各竹种之间的营养元素含量有显著差异,且各竹种在不同季节的营养元素含量也有明显差异。其中大明竹林下土壤的营养元素含量最高,且最为稳定,牡竹相对较差。[结论]在福建地区,大明竹对营养元素的产生及维系稳定具有良好的能力,可成为该地区城市观赏用竹及发展林下经济的优良竹种。     

Predicting the degree of phosphorus saturation using the ammonium acetate–EDTA soil test

As a result of the important role played by phosphorus (P) in surface water eutrophication, the susceptibility of soils to release P requires evaluation. The degree of phosphorus saturation, assessed by oxalate extraction (DPS_ox), has been used as an indicator. However, most laboratories do not include DPS_ox in routine soil tests because of cost and time. This study evaluates the suitability of the ammonium acetate extraction in the presence of EDTA (AAEDTA), the standard soil test P (STP) in Wallonia (Southern Belgium), to predict DPS_ox; we also compared it with the Mehlich 3 extraction. Ninety‐three topsoil samples were collected in agricultural soils throughout Wallonia. Good correlations were found between the AAEDTA and the Mehlich 3 methods for P, Fe and Al (r = 0.85, 0.77 and 0.86, respectively). An exponential relationship was found between P_AAEDTA and DPS_ox. Results of principal component analysis and regression demonstrated that STP can be used to predict DPS_ox (r = 0.93) after logarithmic transformation. Soil test Al was also a good indicator of the P sorption capacity (PSC_ox) of soils (r = 0.86). Including the clay fraction in regression equations only slightly improved the prediction of PSC_ox (r = 0.90), while other readily available data (such as pH or organic carbon) did not significantly improve either DPS_ox or PSC_ox predictions.     

Fine root decomposition,nutrient mobilization and fungal communities in a pine forest ecosystem

Despite its importance to energy flow and nutrient cycling the process of fine root decomposition has received comparatively little detailed research. Disruption of the fine root-soil interface during preparation of root litterbags for decomposition studies could affect decay rates and nutrient mobilization in part by altering the community of decay organisms. We compared rates of decomposition and nutrient release from fine roots of pine between litterbags and intact cores and characterized the fungal community in the decomposing roots. Fine root decomposition was about twice as fast overall for intact cores than litterbags, and rapid mobilization of N and P was observed for roots in cores whereas nutrients were immobilized in litterbags. Fungal communities characterized using 454 pyrosequencing were considerably different between decaying roots in intact cores and litterbags. Most interesting, taxa from ectomycorrhizal fungal orders such as Boletales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales appeared to be more common in decaying roots from cores than litterbags. Moreover, the rate of N and P mobilization from decaying fine roots was highly correlated with taxa from two orders of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Thelephorales, Cantharellales). Although we caution that DNA identified from the decaying roots cannot be conclusively ascribed to active fungi, the results provide tentative support for a significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in decomposition and nutrient mobilization from fine roots of pine.     

Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Rate on Irrigated Russet Burbank Potato

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer is routinely applied to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Manitoba, Canada; however, little information is available regarding P responses in this region. Field studies were conducted from 2003 through 2006 to determine the impact of P rate [0, 15, 29, 43 kg P ha^?1 as broadcast incorporated monoammonium phosphate (MAP)] on Russet Burbank potato. Increasing P rate resulted in a linear increase in marketable yield in 2005, a quadratic increase in 2006, and no effect in 2003 and 2004. Phosphorus application had no effect on the yield of tubers <85 g, tuber number, or quality, but petiole P concentration and postharvest soil-test P levels increased with increasing P rate. Results of this and other studies show that P fertilization may improve potato yields, although increases are not completely predictable. Additional research is required to refine soil-test guidelines and petiole P sufficiency levels for this region.