Impact of soil water content on maize responses to the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1

Members of the bacterial genus Azospirillum are root-associated bacteria that increase yield in cereals by promoting growth and alleviating drought stress. How plants integrate the many bacterium-derived growth-promoting stimuli with other environmental factors to generate a coordinated response remains unresolved. Using a commercial Azospirillum strain, A. lipoferum CRT1 and two host maize cultivars, it was observed that bacterization reduced the drought-induced increase in lateral root growth and enhanced the flood-induced increase in lateral root growth in the more drought- and flood-sensitive cultivar. In the other one, A. lipoferum CRT1 only elicited a moderate root growth response under low soil water potential. The photosynthetic potential and activity were increased in the earlier cultivar and decreased in the later one, irrespective of the soil water content. No impact of the bacterium was seen on the growth of the leaves of both cultivars under both stresses until the third leaf stage, therefore suggesting that it is a consequence of multiple primary adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is suggested that host–bacteria recognition leads to a stress-specific modulation of the root response and a differential stress-independent effect on photosynthesis. This is the first report of the impact of Azospirillum under flood conditions.     

琥珀酸黄杆菌促生机理及其对多年生黑麦草生长和抗逆性的生理调控作用

为探究琥珀酸黄杆菌（Flavobacterium succinicans）对非生物胁迫下多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）的缓解效应,本试验研究了菌株DSM4002的生物学特性,并在盆栽条件下,分析了干旱（维持相对含水量（30±5）%处理7 d和14 d）、低温（4℃处理3 d和7 d）和盐胁迫（150 mM NaCl处理5 d和10 d）下根际接种DSM4002对多年生黑麦草生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,DSM4002具有分泌吲哚乙酸（Indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）、溶磷和产铁载体能力,对壮观霉素、卡那霉素等具有抗性,对氯霉素敏感。同时,接种DSM4002能够提高正常生长、干旱、低温和盐胁迫下多年生黑麦草的生物量、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,降低相对电导率和丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量。综上,琥珀酸黄杆菌促进多年生黑麦草的生长与其自身具有分泌IAA、溶磷和产铁载体能力有关,而且它能够调节植物体内氧化还原平衡,从而增强多年生黑麦草的抗旱、抗寒和抗盐能力。     

Induction of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber against Several Diseases by Plant Growth-promoting Fungi: lignification and Superoxide Generation

Five fungal isolates (Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phoma and a sterile fungus) from zoysiagrass rhizosphere that promote plant growth were tested for their ability to induce systemic resistance in cucumber plants against Colletotrichum orbiculare. Roots of cucumber plants were treated with these fungal isolates using barley grain inocula (BGI), mycelial inocula (MI) or culture filtrate (CF). Most isolate/inoculum form combinations significantly reduced the disease except BGI of Trichoderma. These fungal isolates were also evaluated for induction of systemic resistance against bacterial angular leaf spot and Fusarium wilt by treatment with BGI. Penicillium, Phoma and the sterile fungus significantly reduced the disease incidence of bacterial angular leaf spot. Phoma and sterile fungus protected plants significantly against Fusarium wilt. Roots treated with CFs of these fungal isolates induced lignification at Colletotrichum penetration points indicating the presence of an elicitor in the CFs. The elicitor activity of CFs was evaluated by the chemiluminescence assay using tobacco callus and cucumber fruit disks. The CFs of all isolates elicited conspicuous superoxide generation. The chemiluminescence activity of the CF of Penicillium was extremely high, and its intensity was almost 100-fold higher than that of other isolates. The chemiluminescence activity was not lost following treatment with protease or autoclaving or after removal of lipid. The MW 12,000 dialyzed CF fraction was highly effective in eliciting chemiluminescence activity. Chemiluminescence emission from cucumber fruit disks treated with Penicillium was the same as that obtained from tobacco callus, except that the lipid fraction also showed a high activity. Both the MW 12,000 fraction and the lipid fraction induced lignification in the epidermal tissues of cucumber hypocotyls.     

菌物挺进兽药域菌质制抗禽流感

报告药用真菌开始应用在畜牧业中的研究情况．试验结果显示：在从肉鸡的全价日粮中添加一定量的经固体发酵或双向性固体发酵产生的药用菌质和药性菌质．能够显著挺高动物的生产性能和机体免疫力。在饲喂了42d后（菌质添加天数为5-35日龄）．试验一组即药用菌质组平均每只比对照组体增重（终重-初始重）增加了0．174Kg（提高了10.3％）．禽流感-H5亚型的血清抗体滴度比对照组提高了1．9个滴度：试验二组即药性茼质组禽流感-H5亚型的血清抗体滴度比对照组挺高了3．2个滴度。体增重增加了0．058Kg（提高了3．5％）。试验将为防治禽流感等的后继研究和生产性与临床试验提供理论依据和实验基础．     

PGPB对红树植物木榄幼苗的接种效应

通过盆栽试验研究了植物促生菌(PGPB)对红树植物木榄幼苗的接种效应,供试菌为6种解磷菌(即B.amy,Vib,B.atr,Xan,B.Lic,P.M.)和5种固氮菌(即Au4,Phy,24S,JA4,cd),结果表明:(1)分别接种6种解磷菌株6个月后木榄幼苗的生长均得到了不同程度的促进,与对照相比,木榄苗高增加21.57%～9.54%,生物量增加27.49%～20.32%,叶片的氮含量增加33.33%～1.35%,叶片的磷含量增加24.42%～2.04%;经差异显著性检验,B.amy和Vib 2个菌种对木榄幼苗的促生效应比其它解磷菌株更明显;(2)分别接种5种固氮菌株6个月后木榄幼苗的生长均得到了促进,与对照相比,木榄幼苗的均高增加24.07%～10.22%,生物量增加32.36%～19.71%,叶片的氮含量增加23.39%～4.05%,叶片的磷含量增加32.79%～4.99%;差异显著性检验表明:Au4和Phy 2个菌种对木榄幼苗的促生效果比其它固氮菌更显著.     

加工番茄系统抗性诱导促生菌的筛选鉴定及其促生防病效果

【目的】 筛选具有诱导番茄系统抗性的促生菌并验证其对加工番茄早疫病、灰霉病的防效,为新疆加工番茄病害的生物防治提供理论依据和菌种资源。【方法】 采用稀释涂布法,分离番茄等作物的根部土壤细菌,以无菌生理盐水和稀释至10⁴倍数未接菌的NB培养基为空白对照,利用发芽实验初筛加工番茄促生菌;用菌株发酵液灌根处理加工番茄幼苗,以清水处理为空白对照,测量叶片中茉莉酸含量,复筛系统抗性诱导菌株,分别挑战接种番茄早疫病、灰霉病病原菌,统计疫情指数和诱抗效果。测定菌株16S rDNA序列,初步进行菌种鉴定。【结果】 共分离到147株细菌,筛选得到19株显著(P<0.05)促进加工番茄种子萌发、增加根长的促生菌,有4株促生菌显著(P<0.05)提高加工番茄叶片中茉莉酸含量,防病验证最终得到3株能同时有效防治加工番茄早疫病、灰霉病的菌株,诱抗防效在27.59%~39.44%。菌株FY10、FY12、FY93鉴定为Bacillus atrophaeus,Pseudomonas wadenswilerensis和Bacillus pumilus。【结论】 获得3株具有系统抗性诱导功能且有效防治加工番茄早疫病、灰霉病的促生菌。     

耐盐促生芽孢杆菌的筛选及其对盐胁迫下燕麦生长的影响

从河北省秦皇岛滨海盐生植物根际土壤分离筛选耐盐促生芽孢杆菌,研究其在盐胁迫条件下对燕麦生长的促生效果,以期为研发耐盐促生菌剂和菌肥提供菌种资源。采用pH值9.0和NaCl质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%的LB培养基筛选、分离耐高盐的芽孢杆菌菌株,用功能培养基从中筛选具有促生能力的细菌菌株,用Salkowski比色法定性定量分析其产IAA的能力,采用盆栽试验研究其在盐胁迫条件下对燕麦生长的影响,运用16S rDNA序列分析法对促生效果好的菌株进行鉴定。结果显示,本研究共分离得到13株耐高盐的芽孢杆菌菌株,其中3株芽孢杆菌（YP2、YP4、SM12）可耐受10%（质量分数）的NaCl,且均有解磷、解钾、固氮能力,具有较强的产IAA能力。接种这3株菌株均能在盐胁迫条件下促进燕麦生长,提高其抗盐能力,其中菌株YP2的效果最优,与对照相比,其株高、茎粗、地上部鲜重、总根长、根系总表面积、根尖数分别显著（P<0.05）增加72.02%、42.58%、186.11%、392.35%、378.07%和518.85%,燕麦叶片中的丙二醛含量显著（P<0.05）降低43.34%,叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量,及过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别显著（P<0.05）提高了312.20%、124.10%、274.09%和198.60%。经16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株YP2初步鉴定为弯曲芽孢杆菌（Bacillus flexus）。该菌株作为盐碱地专用生物菌剂具有较大的开发应用潜力。     

Biosurfactant-assisted phytoremediation of potentially toxic elements in soil: Green technology for meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Biosurfactants are biomolecules produced by microorganisms, low in toxicity, biodegradable, and relatively easy to synthesize using renewable waste substrates. Biosurfactants are of great importance with a wide and versatile range of applications, including the bioremediation of contaminated sites. Plants may accumulate soil potentially toxic elements(PTEs), and the accumulation efficacy may be further enhanced by the biosurfactants produced by rhizospheric microorganisms. Occasionally, the growth of bacteria slows down in adverse conditions, such as highly contaminated soils with PTEs. In this context,the plant's phytoextraction capacity could be improved by the addition of metal-tolerant bacteria that produce biosurfactants. Several sources, categories,and bioavailability of PTEs in soil are reported in this article, with the focus on the cost-effective and sustainable soil remediation technologies, where biosurfactants are used as a remediation method. How rhizobacterial biosurfactants can improve PTE recovery capabilities of plants is discussed, and the molecular mechanisms in bacterial genomes that support the production of important biosurfactants are listed. The status and cost of commercial biosurfactant production in the international market are also presented.     

荒漠草原植物根际溶磷细菌的分离鉴定及其溶磷能力的比较

溶磷细菌是主要的根际促生菌的类群之一,其在发展绿色农业和荒漠化防治中具有重要作用。已有的相关研究主要集中于农作物等,而对于荒漠草原植物溶磷细菌的研究尚很缺乏。该研究利用涂布划线方法、以无机磷培养基从四子王旗荒漠草原四种优势植物根际土壤中分离溶磷细菌,采用过硫酸钾消解-钼锑抗比色法检测菌株的溶磷能力。从4种优势植物兔唇冬青草、银灰旋花、蒙古黄芪和短花针茅根际土壤共分离得到42株溶磷细菌,归为五个类群19个属。其中19株（45.2%）属于放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）,5株（11.9%）属于芽孢杆菌纲（Bacilli）,16株（38.1%）属于α-变形菌纲（α-proteobacteria）,1株（2.4%）属于β-变形菌纲（β-proteobacteria）,1株（2.4%）属于γ-变形菌纲（γ-proteobacteria）。溶磷能力测定结果表明菌株GP0501、GP0506、GP0507和GP0509在42株菌种中溶磷能力最强,溶磷量分别为77.57、65.89、58.08、68.02μg/mL,都属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,具有较大的应用潜力。