Ras homolog gene family H (RhoH) deficiency induces psoriasis-like chronic dermatitis by promoting TH17 cell polarization

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溴氰菊酯对大鼠脑组织某些抗氧化酶、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶和NF-E2相关因子2基因表达的影响

目的 研究溴氰菊酯（DM）对大鼠大脑皮层和海马组织铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（CuZn-SOD）、谷胱苷肽还原酶（GR）、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-GCS）轻亚单位（GCSl）重亚单位（GCSh）基因和红系核因子2（NF-E2）相关因子2（Nrf2）基因表达的影响.方法 将18只大鼠随机分为3组,每组6只,对照组腹腔注射橄榄油,低剂量DM染毒组（3.125 mg/kg体重）和高剂量DM染毒组（12.500mg/kg体重）大鼠染毒5 d.分别用逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法测定CuZn-SOD、GR、GCSl、GCSh和Nrf2基因mRNA表达的相对量.12只大鼠随机分为3组,用免疫组织化学方法检测海马和大脑皮层中γ-GCS重亚单位蛋白（GCS-HS）和Nrf2蛋白水平.结果 DM染毒大鼠大脑皮层和海马组织中的CuZn-SOD、GR、GCSh和Nrf2基因mRNA水平均未见明显改变;12.500mg/kg组大脑皮层、3.125 mg/kg组大脑皮层和海马组织中的GCSl基因mRNA水平低于对照组中各相应组织的水平,分别降低至对照组mRNA水平的71.1%、63.6%和75.2%,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;DM染毒的大鼠海马CA1、CA2、CA3、齿状回和大脑皮层中的GCS-HS和Nrf2蛋白水平均未见明显改变.结论 DM对GR及CuZn-SOD基因mRNA表达未见影响;DM抑制大鼠海马和脑皮层中GCSl基因mRNA表达,而未见影响GCSh基因mRNA的表达;本实验条件下DM对大脑皮层和海马组织中的Nrf2表达无明显影响.     

Progestin-inducible EDD E3 ubiquitin ligase binds to α4 phosphoprotein to regulate ubiquitination and degradation of protein phosphatase PP2Ac

Mammalian α4 phosphoprotein binds to the protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) to regulate PP2A activity, and to poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) and progestin-inducible EDD E3 ubiquitin ligase. This study showed induction of the EDD protein by progesterone, 17β-estradiol and prolactin in breast cancer cells. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses, using lysates of COS-1 cells transfected with α4-deletion constructs, showed the α4 N-terminus binding to endogenous PP2Ac and PABP, and the C-terminus to EDD. Monoubiquitinated α4 in MCF-7 cells was unaffected by EDD-targeting siRNA (siEDD) nor by non-targetting siNT, thus, EDD does not ubiquitinate α4. PP2Ac is polyubiquitinated, and 36-kDa PP2Ac only was detected in siEDD- or siNT-transfected cells. However, treatment with proteasomal inhibitor MG132 showed polyubiquitinated-PP2Ac molecules (∼65–250 kDa) abundantly in siNT controls but low in siEDD-transfectants, implicating PP2Ac as an EDD substrate. Finally, progesterone induction of EDD in MCF-7 cells correlated with decreased PP2Ac levels, further implicating hormone-inducible EDD in PP2Ac turnover.     

A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system

Control of protein abundance by the ubiquitin–proteasome system is essential for normal brain development and function. Just over a decade ago, the first post-mitotic function of the anaphase-promoting complex, a major cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase, was discovered in the control of axon growth and patterning in the mammalian brain. Since then, a large number of studies have identified additional novel roles for the anaphase-promoting complex in diverse aspects of neuronal connectivity and plasticity in the developing and mature nervous system. In this review, we discuss the functions and mechanisms of the anaphase-promoting complex in neurogenesis, glial differentiation and migration, neuronal survival and metabolism, neuronal morphogenesis, synapse formation and plasticity, and learning and memory. We also provide a perspective on future investigations of the anaphase-promoting complex in neurobiology.     

Reconstruction of an active SOCS3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex in vitro: identification of the active components and JAK2 and gp130 as substrates

Abstract

SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3) inhibits the intracellular signaling cascade initiated by exposure of cells to cytokines. SOCS3 regulates signaling via two distinct mechanisms: directly inhibiting the catalytic activity of Janus kinases (JAKs) that initiate the intracellular signaling cascade and catalysing the ubiquitination of signaling components by recruiting components of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Here we investigate the latter mode-of-action biochemically by reconstructing a SOCS3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex in vitro using fully purified, recombinant components and examining its ability to promote the ubiquitination of molecules involved in the cytokine signaling cascade. We show that SOCS3 is an active substrate recruitment module for a Cullin5-based E3 ligase and have defined the core protein components required for ubiquitination. SOCS3-induced polyubiquitination was rapid and could proceed through a number of different ubiquitin lysines. SOCS3 catalyzed the ubiquitination of both the IL-6 receptor common chain (gp130) and JAK2.     

大黄素通过上调Smad4蛋白表达抑制胰腺癌细胞

目的以Jab1为作用靶点探讨大黄素抗胰腺癌作用及可能的机制。方法 293T细胞随机分为对照组(不处理)、大黄素组(20μmol/L大黄素处理)、Jab1组(转染HA-Jab1质粒),用免疫印迹实验(Western blot)法测定胰腺癌PANC-1和As PC-1细胞系中Jab1与Smad4的蛋白表达。用免疫共沉淀(IP)测定大黄素组及Jab1对β-Tr CP1与Smad4结合的影响。采用Western blot法检测对照组及大黄素干预组PANC-1和As PC-1细胞系中Smad4蛋白表达。结果胰腺癌PANC-1细胞和As PC-1细胞中Jab1呈高表达,Smad4呈低表达,Jab1与Smad4呈负相关关系(P0.01)。293T细胞中Jab1能促使β-Tr CP1与Smad4结合,促进Smad4蛋白降解;而大黄素通过抑制β-Tr CP1与Smad4结合,增加Smad4的表达水平(均P0.05)。结论与Jab1的作用相反,大黄素可能通过抑制泛素化酶途径,抑制Smad4的降解,从而起到抗肿瘤作用。     

Perineuronal nets protect fast-spiking interneurons against oxidative stress

A hallmark of schizophrenia pathophysiology is the dysfunction of cortical inhibitory GABA neurons expressing parvalbumin, which are essential for coordinating neuronal synchrony during various sensory and cognitive tasks. The high metabolic requirements of these fast-spiking cells may render them susceptible to redox dysregulation and oxidative stress. Using mice carrying a genetic redox imbalance, we demonstrate that extracellular perineuronal nets, which constitute a specialized polyanionic matrix enwrapping most of these interneurons as they mature, play a critical role in the protection against oxidative stress. These nets limit the effect of genetically impaired antioxidant systems and/or excessive reactive oxygen species produced by severe environmental insults. We observe an inverse relationship between the robustness of the perineuronal nets around parvalbumin cells and the degree of intracellular oxidative stress they display. Enzymatic degradation of the perineuronal nets renders mature parvalbumin cells and fast rhythmic neuronal synchrony more susceptible to oxidative stress. In parallel, parvalbumin cells enwrapped with mature perineuronal nets are better protected than immature parvalbumin cells surrounded by less-condensed perineuronal nets. Although the perineuronal nets act as a protective shield, they are also themselves sensitive to excess oxidative stress. The protection might therefore reflect a balance between the oxidative burden on perineuronal net degradation and the capacity of the system to maintain the nets. Abnormal perineuronal nets, as observed in the postmortem patient brain, may thus underlie the vulnerability and functional impairment of pivotal inhibitory circuits in schizophrenia.     

Admixed phenotype of NEDD4L associated periventricular nodular heterotopia: A case report

Rationale:Periventricular nodular heterotopia-7 (PVNH7) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with improper neuronal migration during neurogenesis in cortex development caused by pathogenic variants in the NEDD4L gene.Patient concerns:We report the case of a polystigmatized 2-year-old boy having significant symptomatologic overlap with PVNH7, such as delayed psychomotor and mental development, seizures and infantile spasms, periventricular nodular heterotopia, polymicrogyria, cleft palate, 2 to 3 toe syndactyly, hypotonia, microretrognathia, strabismus, and absent speech and walking. The patient showed also distinct symptoms falling outside PVNH7 symptomatology, also present in the proband''s older brother, such as blue sclerae, hydronephrosis, transversal palmar crease (found also in their father), and bilateral talipes equinovarus. In addition, the patient suffered from many other symptoms.Diagnoses:The boy, his brother and their parents were subjected to whole-exome sequencing. Because of uncertainties in symptomatology and inheritance pattern, the top-down approach was hard to apply. Using the bottom-up approach, we identified a known pathogenic variant, NM_001144967.2(NEDD4L):c.2677G>A:p.Glu893Lys, in the proband''s genome that absented in any other analyzed family member, suggesting its de novo origin.Interventions and outcomes:The patient was treated with Convulex 300 mg/mL for the successful seizure control and Euthyrox 25mg for the treatment of thyroid malfunction. He also took various supplements for the metabolism support and digestion regulation. Moreover, the patient underwent the corrective surgeries of cleft palate and talipes equinovarus.Lessons:We successfully identified the causative mutation NM_001144967.2(NEDD4L):c.2677G>A:p.Glu893Lys explaining symptoms overlapping those reported for PVNH7. Symptoms shared with the brother were not explained by this variant, since he was not a carrier of the pathogenic NEDD4L variant. These are most likely not extended phenotypes of PVNH7, rather an independent clinical entity caused by a yet unidentified genetic factor in the family, highlighting thus the importance of thorough evaluation of symptomatology and genomic findings in affected and unaffected family members, when such data are available.     

蓝莓对四氯化碳所致急性肝损伤大鼠肝组织GCLCmRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨蓝莓对四氯化碳（CCl4）所致急性肝损伤大鼠肝组织γ‐谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶（γ‐GCS）催化亚基（GCLC）mRNA及蛋白表达的影响。方法将50只雄性Wistar大鼠分为5组,即空白组、模型组、蓝莓汁低剂量预防组（蓝低组,10．0g／kg）、蓝莓汁高剂量预防组（蓝高组,20．0g／kg）、联苯双酯预防组（联苯双酯组,0．15g／kg）,每组10只,连续灌胃7d,1次／天,其后用CCl4复制大鼠急性肝损伤模型。光镜下观察大鼠肝脏病理学变化,全自动生化分析仪测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）及天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性,酶联免疫吸附法检测肝匀浆中丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）活力及含量,分别采用反转录PCR（RT‐PCR）、免疫组织化学法、Westernblot检测大鼠肝组织中GCLCmRNA及蛋白表达。结果蓝低组、蓝高组和联苯双酯组大鼠肝细胞变性及坏死程度显著轻于模型组（P＜0．05）,血清ALT、AST及肝匀浆MDA均显著低于模型组（P＜0．01）,而肝匀浆CAT、SOD、GSH均显著高于模型组（P＜0．01）,肝组织GCLCmR‐NA及蛋白表达均显著高于模型组（P＜0．01）。3组相比,蓝高组与联苯双酯组效果相似,略优于蓝低组。结论蓝莓对CCl4诱导的大鼠急性肝损伤有一定预防作用,可能与上调大鼠肝脏GCLC表达,减轻氧化应激性肝损伤有关。