Organization and expression of agonistic and socio-sexual behavior in golden hamsters over the estrous cycle and after ovariectomy

Paris of hamsters were housed in large enclosures that contained separate male and female living areas and observed over the 4-day estrous cycle and after ovariectomy. Agonistic elements exhibited frequently by females included on-back, boxing, lateral posturing, and biting, whereas males engaged frequently in boxing and on-back patterns of behavior. Furthermore, on-back and boxing by females were significantly higher on estrus than on any other day of the estrous cycle. Agonistic acts performed after ovariectomy did not differ in occurrence from those shown by animals on diestrus and proestrus. Vaginal marking increased during diestrus and attained a peak 24 hr prior to sexual receptivity. Both vaginal marking and mating occurred more frequently in the female's than male's home area suggesting that vaginal marks on days preceding behavioral estrus serve to attract males to the nest of females. Males also organized their marking patterns by location as shown by more flank marking in their own than their partner's area, albeit the significance for this difference in location is not known. The results demonstrate that when heterosexual paris of hamsters are tested in large and partially familiar habitats, a wide range of behavior is exhibited and organized in a manner that is not observed in small and unfamiliar cages.     

数字化曲面体层标记位点放大率的实验研究

目的:探讨数字化曲面体层(PTG)的标记位点放大率。方法:以曲面体层机颏托上的U型标记杆及以干燥下颌骨的正常摆放位置为参照,将种植用钢珠按牙弓形态进行唇舌向网点式排布,进行位点设置,按1-8区牙位排列放置钢珠,类似同心圆状辐射排列,位点间距10mm,逐点拍摄,进行投照后在PACS上高清晰显示屏进行测量所得图像的水平向及垂直向数值,对图像进行分析,得出放大率,再进行部位分析,构建体层域。结果:水平向放大率较垂直向为显著,U型标记杆覆盖范围为前牙及双尖牙区,其唇侧水平向放大率均小于1,舌侧水平向放大率均大于1,后磨牙区图像垂直向与水平向均为放大。结论:不同位置的钢珠图像放大率不同,坐标相交点即为同等放大率位置,即位于体层域中心,体层域为显示图像较为真实的扫描区域,体层域唇侧图像水平向缩窄舌侧图像水平向放大,而垂直向均显示放大,变化倍率以水平向为显著(P<0.01),以此来指导临床上对曲面体层片的判读。     

Surgical benefits conveyed by biopsy site marking system using ultrasound localization

BACKGROUND: With vacuum-assisted biopsy technology all, or most, of a breast lesion may be removed during the initial biopsy; in such cases a metallic marker is often inserted at the site of the biopsy for future localization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and impact of the Gel Mark Ultra biopsy site marking system (SenoRx, Aliso Viejo, CA) on the practice of needle localization breast biopsy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the experience of 45 general surgeons across the United States in a variety of practice settings using the Gel Mark Ultra clip. Imaging-guided biopsy technique, localization quality, surgeon confidence, and margin status were assessed and compared against the broad data reported in the literature. RESULTS: A total of 432 records of patients who underwent imaging-guided breast biopsy with placement of Gel Mark Ultra clip were reviewed. Of these, 63 (15%) patients required definitive surgical intervention, for which 41 cases were localized with ultrasound and assessed for margin clearance. Clear margins were achieved in 37 (90%) of the 41 cases. These results are statistically superior (P < .01) to positive margins rates reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The Gel Mark Ultra biopsy site marking system is a new localization device that provides a safe and effective alternative to traditional localization methods with a significant reduction in the percentage of positive margins, as well as advantages in terms of surgical approach, time, and patient comfort.     

应用定标活检技术评价慢性萎缩性胃炎根除幽门螺杆菌治疗后的疗效

目的 应用定标活检技术评价慢性萎缩性胃炎（chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG）根除幽门螺杆菌（helicobacter py-lori,Hp）再予服用替普瑞酮和叶酸序贯治疗后的疗效.方法 对42例CAG伴Hp感染患者采用标准三联疗法根除Hp治疗1周,继续口服替普瑞酮和叶酸治疗6个月,治疗前后均行胃镜检查并在胃窦和胃角处应用定标活检技术（marking targeting biopsy,MTB）作定标活检,记录并比较治疗前后临床症状、胃镜下表现和病理组织学积分.结果 Hp感染根除率为88.10%;42例患者治疗后上腹痛、上腹胀、反酸和嗳气症状积分较治疗前均有降低（均P〈0.05）;胃镜下疗效评估总有效率为40.48%;胃黏膜病理组织学的变化为黏膜炎症、活动性和萎缩积分明显降低（均P〈0.05）,肠化积分略有降低（P〉0.05）.14例患者轻度异型增生病变消失.结论 应用MTB可以保证治疗前后胃黏膜活检标本的可比性,疗效评估可靠,可广泛应用于胃癌前病变的随访监测;CAG根除Hp治疗可使患者消化不良症状好转,胃黏膜病理组织学改善.     

Auto-circler device (Tercan device) for marking a vertical scar mammaplasty

It is known that the desired shape and position of the nipple–areola complex may be difficult to achieve in vertical-scar reduction mammaplasty. The marking of a mosque-shaped areolar pattern varies from one surgeon to another, and therefore, periareolar trimming or resection may be inevitable with the use of such technique. We have developed a device to standardize the periareolar marking, and reduce the irregularity of the periareolar region. This device mimics the elasticity of normal breast tissue, and has the flexibility to be applicable to all breast types. We believe that this device improves the results of vertical-scar reduction mammaplasty and can eliminate the necessity of “last-minute” modifications intraoperatively.     

Partial liver denervations dissociate the inhibitory effects of pancreatic glucagon and epinephrine on feeding

We compared the roles of different components of the liver's innervation in the inhibitory effects of pancreatic glucagon and epinephrine on feeding by testing the effects on meal size of intraperitoneal injections of these hormones in rats with selective abdominal vagotomies of only the hepatic branch, with partial liver denervations that spared only the hepatic branch of the vagus, and with sham operations. Pancreatic glucagon (100-400 micrograms/kg) inhibited size of evaporated milk test meals equally in rats with partial liver denervations sparing the hepatic vagus and in sham-operated rats, but had no effect on feeding in rats with selective hepatic vagotomies. In contrast, epinephrine (25-100 micrograms/kg) inhibited meal size equally in all rats. These data suggest that the hepatic vagus is the necessary and sufficient contribution of the liver's innervation to pancreatic glucagon's satiety effect and that hepatic innervation does not contribute to epinephrine's inhibitory effect on meal size. Thus, different peripheral neural mechanisms appear to mediate the effects of these hormones on feeding. Further, the data fail to support the hypothesis that abdominal vagotomies and coeliac ganglionectomies attenuate epinephrine's effect on feeding by disconnecting hepatic afferents.     

Intraoperative localization of early-stage upper gastrointestinal tumors using a magnetic marking clip–detecting system

Background Intraoperative tumor localization often is difficult during laparoscopic surgery for early-stage upper gastrointestinal tumors. Method This study enrolled 15 patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy. A magnetic marking clip–detecting system was used to apply a marking clip to the tumor site during preoperative gastroscopy, and to detect a marking magnetic body. Results In a basic ex vivo study, the mean permeance rate on the gastric wall serosal surface was 0.97 ± 0.01. Magnetic flux densities required for exploration were 52.6 mT on the gastric wall serosal surface and 312.4 mT 10 mm away from the surface. In a clinical study, the mean distance between the detected tumor site and the clip along the longitudinal axis was 8.3 ± 3.2 mm. The mean detection time was 5.7 ± 2.3 min. Conclusion The magnetic marking clip–detecting system may be useful for tumor site detection during laparoscopic gastrectomy.     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后腋窝淋巴结状态的评估

新辅助化疗或新辅助化疗联合生物靶向治疗日趋成为局部晚期乳腺癌(Ⅱb~Ⅲ)的标准治疗方式,除了能降低原发肿块的临床分期,约有40%的患者能达到腋窝淋巴结的病理完全缓解,从而实现了腋窝淋巴结的降期。而对于经过新辅助化疗或化疗联合靶向治疗后经影像学评估达到腋窝淋巴结临床完全缓解的患者,其腋窝淋巴结缓解情况的预测及新辅助化疗后腋窝前哨淋巴结活检等,仍存在诸多争议,成为临床治疗选择上的难题。本文拟对近年来新辅助化疗后腋窝淋巴结处理的相关研究及临床试验进行分析和解读,并对新近开展的临床研究进行梳理,以期为临床提供更多参考信息。     

The failure to demonstrate avoidance of ventral gland odors in male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

The gerbil's ventral gland secretion has been assumed to play a role in territorial defense. The odor of this secretion should be avoided by males which have recently lost a dominance contest to a male which deposited the odor mark. In two experiments, male gerbils were randomly paired and dichotomized on the basis of dominance status. Twenty-four hours later, they were presented either with the odor of the dominant member of the pair in an otherwise clean open-field, or with the odors of the dominant, a novel male, the subject or an unscented area. There was no indication that the animals differentiated the dominants' odors from the others. In neither case was an odor avoided. Areas containing the odor of conspecifics were marked less frequently than the clean area. These data indicate that conspecific odors were detected, but there was no evidence of a differential response to any of the odors employed.     

尿毒症患者动静脉内瘘术前超声评估及标记的价值

目的探讨终末期肾病血液透析患者建立动静脉内瘘术前彩色多普勒超声评估及定位对提高造瘘手术成功率的价值。方法纳入肾脏内科2012年1月-7月尿毒症终末期患者25例,均为多次造瘘失败或为临床建立动静脉造瘘较为困难的患者,术前超声行上肢动静脉及双侧大隐静脉评估,重点观察肱动脉、桡动脉、头静脉、贵要静脉及大隐静脉,寻找肘部及上臂段有无合适搭桥的血管,测量其管径并体表定位。结果14例术前多次造瘘失败患者,9例行再造瘘＋自体大隐静脉移植术,2例行人工血管置人术,1例行左上肢人工血管取栓＋动静脉内瘘成型术,2例放弃手术;11例术前未行动静脉造瘘的患者2例行人工血管置人术,6例行自体大隐静脉移植术,1例因桡动脉管径较细行肱动脉与肘正中静脉高位瘘,2例放弃手术。21例手术患者术后生命指征平稳,瘘口搏动震颤良好。术后～2周内复查彩色多普勒超声示所建通路通畅。结论尿毒症终末期患者动静脉内瘘术前超声评估及定位对提高临床手术成功率有重要价值。