Residual learning rates in lead-acid batteries: Effects on emerging technologies

The low price of lead-acid, the most popular battery, is often used in setting cost targets for emerging energy storage technologies. Future cost reductions in lead acid batteries could increase investment and time scales needed for emerging storage technologies to reach cost-parity. In this paper the first documented model of cost reductions for lead-acid batteries is developed. Regression to a standard experience curve using 1989–2012 data yield a poor fit, with R² values of 0.17 for small batteries and 0.05 for larger systems. To address this problem, battery costs are separated into material and residual costs, and experience curves developed for residual costs. Depending on the year, residual costs account for 41–86% of total battery cost. Using running-time averages to address volatility in material costs, a 4-year time average experience curve for residual costs yield much higher R², 0.78 for small and 0.74 for large lead-acid batteries. The learning rate for residual costs in lead-acid batteries is 20%, a discovery with policy implications. Neglecting to consider cost reductions in lead-acid batteries could result in failure of energy storage start-ups and public policy programs. Generalizing this result, learning in incumbent technologies must be understood to assess the potential of emerging ones.     

柔性物流技术在生产中的应用

东风汽车公司立足于自己特殊的地理环境及发展历程，经过30年的实践和探索，形成适合自身的物流组织，如：采用合理的计划实施多品种混流和同步化生产、对跨厂际零部件采用物流组织配送制等，运用MRP与JIT相结合的先进的自动化采集技术，建立管理信息系统，使企业的生产经营工作取得了同步的发展。     

Facility layout problems: A survey

Layout problems are found in several types of manufacturing systems. Typically, layout problems are related to the location of facilities (e.g., machines, departments) in a plant. They are known to greatly impact the system performance. Most of these problems are NP hard. Numerous research works related to facility layout have been published. A few literature reviews exist, but they are not recent or are restricted to certain specific aspects of these problems. The literature analysis given here is recent and not restricted to specific considerations about layout design.

We suggest a general framework to analyze the literature and present existing works using such criteria as: the manufacturing system features, static/dynamic considerations, continual/discrete representation, problem formulation, and resolution approach. Several research directions are pointed out and discussed in our conclusion.     

发展创新民族风格的包装设计

首先揭示出民族风格是与时代风格对立统一、相互依存的一个概念。因而特定的时代需要具有时代精神的民族风格──创新民族风格。在探索此风格的过程中．我们首先要学习日本的战略，然后在学习的基础上实现超越。     

φ100mm定径机轧辊孔型设计改进

针对定径机换辊后定径钢管所出现的质量问题,提出了成品机架的轧辊孔型不分配变形量和适当增大孔型直径的改进措施。     

碘量法测铜中物质性质和分析操作

本文讨论了碘量法测定铜量中一些有关物质的特性,以及这些性质对分析条件和操作的要求。     

浅议实施差异化战略的措施

随着我国市场的开放，企业面对的竞争日趋激烈，而且企业的竞争优势主要表现为差异化。根据差异化与买方价值的关系，通过技术创新、观念创新实施差异化。     

粘土作为高放废物处置回填材料的可行性研究

本文以西北粘土为对象,对其压实行为、热传导、膨胀特性,以及吸附和渗透性能进行了初步研究,借以探讨西北粘土在高放废物处置中用作回填材料的可行性。试验表明,以西北粘土为基材,经过适当的热改性和吸附改性,在初始含水量约为9%,于70MPa 下成型,用作高放废物处置中的回填材料是可行的。     

GaAlInP发光材料计算的经验公式

根据已经发表的实验数据，针对镓铝铟磷发光材料的提出了一组经验公式及相应的曲线，作为ＧａＡｌＩｎＰ可见光材料设计的依据或参考。