安徽省有焦虑症状大学生的社会人口特征及社会心理分析

目的:了解安徽省大学生焦虑症状流行状况及其社会人口和社会心理影响因素。方法:对所有省属高校按专业分层,以校为整群抽样(每专业1校),抽取该校在校生的15%。采用无记名问卷调查,共获得有效问卷4178份。调查工具包括焦虑自评问卷(SAS)和青少年负性生活事件量表(ASLEC)。结果:6.94%的大学生存在焦虑,其中男生7.22%,女生为6.35%。理工学生焦虑检出率最高(10.08%),西医学生最低(3.59%)。卡方检验显示焦虑症状与社会人口特征中的出生地、年级、学习成绩、专业及父亲学历有关;与社会心理因素中的生活事件与生活经历,家庭环境中的大部分特征都有统计意义的相关性。多元逐步回归模型进一步发现焦虑症状受社会人口特征中理工类专业(OR=1.77,95%CI:1.30～2.41)和成绩差(OR=1.45,95%CI:1.09～1.93)的显著影响,同时也受社会心理因素中的负性生活事件(OR=4.76,95%CI:3.36～6.77)、消极社会经历(OR=3.35,95%CI:2.43～4.62)以及家庭环境特征中的亲密度(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.49～0.85)和情感表达(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.54～0.94)的显著影响。结论:大学生焦虑症状受社会人口特征及社会心理各方面的综合影响,大学生焦虑症状的预防需家庭、学校和社会的共同参与和促进。     

Sexual life style, drug habit and socio-demographic status of drug addicts in Bangladesh

The sexual life style, drug habit and socio-demographic status of 253 male hospitalized drug addicts were investigated. This study was conducted during the period June 1997 to July 1998, and each case was selected by the random sampling method. The research instrument was an interviewer-administered questionnaire, the sexual habits, number and quality of sex partners, use of condoms, sexually transmitted diseases, etc., were considered as indicators of the sexual life style of the drug addicts. Eighty-eight percent (n=233) of the addicts were heterosexual. Bisexuality was found only in 7% (n=18) of the addicts. Eighty-seven percent (n=240) of the addicts have multiple sex partners of either commercial or residential category. Most of the drug addicts (72%,n=181) did not use condoms. Fifty-seven percent (n=145) of the addicts were observed to have sexual diseases. As indicators of a drug habit, starting drug, choice of drug, period of addiction, sharing of needles, etc., were included. Cannabis was the starting substance for 59% (n=149) of the addicts. Heroin was the drug of choice for 60% (n=157) addicts. A single drug was taken only by 8% (n=20) of the addicts and the remaining 92% (n=233) took multiple drugs. The drug addicts (n=97) who used mostly injection (87%,n=84) shared needles. Education, occupation, income, age, marital status, influencing factors for addiction were considered as socio-demographic characteristics. Young adults (79%,n=199), secondary educated (46%,n=116), low-mid income (60%,n=150), businessmen (46%,n=150) and married (60%,n=151) people were found highly involved in addiction. Self-curiosity and a friend's incitement were revealed as the most important influencing factors for taking drugs.     

Sources and determinants of vitamin D intake in Danish pregnant women

Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy has been associated with the development of several adverse health outcomes, e.g., pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm delivery, low birth weight, birth length, and bone mineral content. The aims of the present study were to estimate the intake and sources of vitamin D in Danish pregnant women and to examine potential determinants of vitamin D intake of the recommended level (10 μg per day). In 68,447 Danish pregnant women the mean ± SD for vitamin D intake was 9.23 ± 5.60 μg per day (diet: 3.56 ± 2.05 μg per day, supplements: 5.67 ± 5.20 μg per day). 67.6% of the women reported use of vitamin D supplements but only 36.9% reported use of vitamin D supplements of at least 10 μg. Supplements were the primary source of vitamin D for the two higher quartiles of total vitamin D intake, with diet being the primary source for the two lower quartiles. Determinants of sufficient total vitamin D intake were: high maternal age, nulliparity, non-smoking, and filling out of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) during summer or fall. We propose that clinicians encourage vitamin D supplementation among pregnant women, with special focus on vulnerable groups such as the young, smokers and multiparous women, in order to improve maternal and fetal health both during and after pregnancy.     

Asthma severity and heterogeneity: Insights from prevalence trends and associated demographic variables and anthropometric indices among Israeli adolescents

Objectives: While asthma presents various clinical forms with different levels of severity, it is unclear whether asthma severities are a consequence of disease management or varied etiologies. We sought to investigate this question. Methods: This paper presents a cross-sectional study of 113,671 Israeli adolescents. Prevalence rates of mild and moderate-to-severe asthma over a 24-year period were calculated and multivariate regression models (outcomes: different asthma severity, reference: subjects without asthma) were performed to analyze associations with anthropometric indices and socio-demographic variables, in males and females separately. Results: The prevalence of mild asthma increased until birth years 1976–1980 and then steadily decreased. In contrast, the prevalence of moderate-to-severe asthma was relatively stable until birth years 1976–1980, then rose steeply until 1986–1990 and subsequently plateaued in the early 1990s. Obesity was positively associated with both mild and moderate-to-severe asthma in males (Odds Ratio (OR) [95%CIs]: 1.61 [1.37–1.89] and 1.63 [1.34–1.98], respectively) and females (1.54 [1.10–2.16] and 1.54 [1.20–1.98], respectively). Family size greater than three siblings was negatively associated with both mild and moderate-to-severe asthma in males (0.62 [0.56–0.68] and 0.59 [0.52–0.68]) and females (0.71 [0.60–0.83] and 0.73 [0.63–0.83]). In contrast, in males, underweight was only associated with mild asthma (1.54 [1.22–1.94]) but not with moderate-to-severe asthma. In females, overweight was only associated with moderate-to-severe asthma (1.21 [1.00–1.46]) and rural residence was only associated with mild asthma (1.26 [1.09–1.47]). Conclusions: The differences between mild and moderate-to-severe asthma enhance asthma phenotype characterization, with respect to secular trends and associated variables, and indicate varied etiologies.     

Effect of socio-demographic characteristics on social security in northeast China

Social security is the most important and even the only source of income for Chinese older people. It is an important guarantee for the medical care and living of older people. However, the backward economy may bring great hidden troubles to the social security of resource-exhausted cities in the future. Our aims were to explore effects of socio-demographic characteristics on social security in the resource-exhausted city. We set up panel data models for social security contributions, social security benefits, newly insured individuals and ex-insured individuals, respectively, to track changes in social security of different age, genders and workplaces from 2011 to 2015. There were 175,194 individuals who eventually entered our database. We found that individuals working in enterprises and individuals aged 55 to 60 had relatively less social security contributions and more social security benefits. Individuals under 25 years of age were more willing to participate in social security. Individuals working in enterprises and men were likely to withdraw from social security. We have concluded that there are some problems that cannot be ignored in the social security of resource-exhausted cities. Our research makes a certain contribution to better guaranteeing the life of older people and improving their qualities of life in resource-exhausted cities.     

The relationship between lifestyle, working environment, socio-demographic factors and expulsion from the labour market due to disability pension among nurses

Background:  Denmark is facing a shortage of nurses and this trend is anticipated to worsen within the next decades. The major reason for this shortage is that only very few nurses remain employed until the general retirement age. Every year several nurses are expelled from the labour market prematurely which causes a problem not only for the disabled nurses but also because it can affect the morale and productivity among the remaining personnel while new staff members are hired and trained.
Aim:  The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between lifestyle, working environment, socio-demographic factors and disability pension (DP) among nurses.
Methods:  The study was based on 12 028 nurses above the age of 44 who in 1993 completed a questionnaire. The survey information was combined with longitudinal data from a register compiled by Statistics Denmark. The follow-up period was from 1993 to 2002.
Results:  Nurses with relatively low gross incomes were more likely to become disability pensioners compared to nurses with high incomes (hazard ratio, HR 1.33 and HR 2.17). Also, nurses who were singles had a higher probability of entering DP (HR 1.63). Nurses who worked fixed evening or night shifts had higher risks of DP than nurses who worked daytime exclusively (HR 1.51 and HR 1.45). Smoking, obesity and having a sedentary lifestyle were also risk indicators for DP (HR 1.42, HR 1.63 and HR 1.50). Furthermore, low influence and high physical demands at work increased the probability of entering DP (HR 1.39 and HR 1.22).
Conclusion:  DP among nurses is influenced by a number of factors. Nurses who have poor working environments and/or unhealthy lifestyles have higher risks of becoming disability pensioners. Also, nurses who are singles and/or have low gross incomes have higher probability of entering DP.