Data-enabled learning and control algorithms for intelligent glucose management: The state of the art

External insulin administration is an effective way for patients with diabetes mellitus to regulate their blood glucose. Multiple daily injections (MDIs), sensor-augmented pump (SAP) and artificial pancreas (AP) are widely adopted approaches in insulin therapy. With the increasing popularity of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors, a large number of data-enabled learning and control algorithms have been developed for MDI, SAP and AP. In this paper, we perform a systemic review concerning the state-of-the-art methodologies that are developed for MDI, SAP and AP with feedback from CGM data or other available data, from a systems and control perspective. The review characterizes the traditional learning and control methods developed for the MDI, SAP and AP, including run-to-run control, proportional–integral–derivative control, fuzzy logic control and model predictive control, as well as the discussions on the roles of machine learning technologies in MDI, SAP and AP. Finally, potential future directions on the algorithm architecture design, a unified control framework for MDI, SAP and AP algorithm design and practical usage of the MDI, SAP and AP are discussed.     

常减压蒸馏装置常顶换热器腐蚀原因分析及预防

中国石化股份有限公司天津分公司常减压蒸馏(Ⅱ)套装置的常顶换热器管束,自2003年8月份以来多次发生腐蚀泄漏。经调查,由于电脱盐装置的脱盐合格率仅为14.5％,因此塔顶馏分油中的H2S,HCl和管板焊缝部位焊接应力共同作用,导致了管板焊缝发生了应力腐蚀。加强"一脱三注"管理,管内涂覆涂料以及选用09Cr2A1MoRe或RT360材质的管束可预防腐蚀泄漏的发生。     

加工进口高硫原油生产装置腐蚀防护技术

评述了近年来在加工进口高硫原油过程中遇到的腐蚀和环境问题,介绍了各种防护措施,探讨了今后的腐蚀防护新技术以及近期内所应开展的工作.     

加工高酸值原油及带炼高硫油蒸馏装置的腐蚀

介绍了锦西石化分公司南蒸馏装置炼制辽河高酸值原油及带炼高硫外油的腐蚀环境、腐蚀状况、腐蚀机理和采取的防护措施,通过材质升级、选用渗铝钢、加注高温缓蚀剂和完善"一脱三注"措施,可望实现装置两年一修.     

复方丹参注射液中水溶性酚酸总量的测定

研究建立复方丹参注射液中水溶性酚酸总量的测定方法,以控制该制剂的内在质量。在1mol/L的冰醋酸溶剂中,利用丹参中水溶性酚酸类成分与铁氰化钾—三氯化铁的显色反应,比色法测定该制剂中水溶性酚酸(以原儿茶醛计)的总量。结果显示,原儿茶醛在0.4448—2.002μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为:A=0.05237C 0.07654(r=0.9998),加样平均回收率为100.0%,RSD为0.93%。该法简便快速,结果准确,重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

High cell density culture of Anabaena variabilis using repeated injections of carbon dioxide for the production of hydrogen

Cyanobacteria have the unique characteristic of using CO₂ in the air as a carbon source and solar energy as an energy source. Reducing equivalents from the fermentation of carbohydrates are used as the primary electron donors in cyanobacteria for the hydrogen producing enzymes. The cells take up CO₂ first to produce cellular substances, which are subsequently used for H₂ production. Since the optimal operating conditions for the CO₂ uptake and H₂ production are different, a two-stage system can be effectively employed to separate these two phases. In this study, for the efficient production of H₂ in the second stage, the conditions for the effective CO₂ uptake and cell growth in the first stage were characterized, and high cell density culture was carried out using repeated injections of CO₂. The specific growth rate and growth yield based on CO₂ decreased with an increase in light intensity or CO₂ concentration. However, the effect of CO₂ concentration on the growth yield was much smaller than that of a light intensity. A CO₂ uptake rate per unit cell decreased linearly with the initial CO₂ concentration in the gas phase. With repeated injections of CO₂, the CO₂ was continuously consumed and the cell concentration reached 3.7 g dry cell/l in 20 days, which is 6.7 times higher than that in a batch culture without further supply of CO₂. The CO₂ injection in the cell growth phase increased not only the cell concentration but also the hydrogen production per gram cell.     

Behavioral Sensitization to Apomorphine in Pigeons (Columba livia): Blockade by the D? Dopamine Antagonist SCH-23390.

Repeated administration of apomorphine leads to a context-dependent pecking response sensitization. Previously sensitized pigeons (Columba livia) challenged with saline in the same context show a conditioned response (CR). The authors studied the effects of intrastriatal injections of the dopamine (D?) antagonist SCH-23390 on both the sensitized response and the CR. When coadministered with apomorphine, SCH-23390 inhibited the initial response to apomorphine, prevented the development of sensitization, and impaired the maintenance of an already developed sensitization. However, SCH-23390 had no effect on the retrieval of a previously established CR. It is concluded that the activation of D? receptors in the caudal avian striatum is necessary for the acquisition and maintenance of the sensitization, but not for the expression, of the CR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Improving Ideality of P-Type Organic Field-Effect Transistors via Preventing Undesired Minority Carrier Injection

Electron injection plays a crucial role in arousing the double-slope characteristics for p-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with narrow-bandgap organic semiconductors (OSCs). This issue will not only result in the misrepresentation of OFET performance but also may cause device instability, hence impeding their further development in real-world applications. A facile and highly efficient approach is developed to circumvent this issue by implementing modification on the electrode/organic semiconductor interface. An ultrathin layer of wide-bandgap OSC with suitable energy levels is introduced to block the undesirable electron injection. By this means, typical double-slope behaviors and bias stress stability in the p-type OFETs can be significantly improved. Using 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene-based OFETs the double-slope behaviors of as-fabricated devices are effectively converted to near-ideal behaviors after modification, leading to a dramatic improvement of average reliability from 65.11% to 91.76%. Furthermore, the positive drift of transfer curves under prolonged bias stress is also successfully suppressed. This strategy demonstrates good universality and can provide a new guideline for the fabrication of OFETs with ideal behaviors.     

拉曼光谱在中药注射剂鉴定中的应用初探

分析了中药注射剂的重要作用,探讨了利用拉曼光谱进行中药注射剂鉴定的可行性。运用拉曼光谱检测了中药灯盏花素注射剂和红花注射剂,并对其拉曼谱图进行了分析。灯盏花素注射剂和红花注射剂的拉曼谱图中虽然荧光背景很强,但依然包含了不少有用信息,这表明利用拉曼光谱鉴定中药注射剂是可行的,但是测量技术和技巧还有待进一步提高。     

Effects of Spatial Harmonics on Power Distribution in Accelerator Driven Subcritical Cores

A method for solving the time-energy-dependent diffusion equation was devised to appreciate the effect of spatial harmonics on the power distribution in a subcritical graphite-moderated core with a pulsed fast neutron source. An instantaneous power peaking factor (IPF) was calculated using the thermal neutron flux thus obtained, to characterize the power distribution in the core. In case of a 50-cycles-per-second injections of fast neutron pulses of 3 ms pulse width, it was indicated that the value of IPF increased by 4.1 times with the decrease in the multiplication factor from 0.9951 to 0.9762, accompanying fuel burnup. To appreciate the dependence of the core power distribution on the spectrum hardening of the thermal neutron flux caused by injections of pulsed fast neutrons, comparison was made between the value of IPF and that derived from the time-dependent-one-group diffusion theory where the spectrum hardening of the thermal neutron flux was ignored. It was indicated that the disregard of the spectrum hardening of the thermal neutron flux resulted in the low estimate of IPF that changed from ?1% to ?14% with the decrease in the pulse width of pulsed fast neutrons from 3 ms to 0.15 ms.