水平弯管内硫沉积数值模拟研究

元素硫在集输管道中沉积会引起堵塞和腐蚀问题,而弯管是集输管道中较易出现硫沉积的部位之一。为此,采用数值模拟的方法研究水平弯管内的硫沉积问题,首先利用雷诺应力模型对流场进行模拟,其次采用Lagrange颗粒轨道模型对硫颗粒进行模拟追踪,研究不同因素对硫颗粒在弯管中沉积率的影响。结果表明:弯管内壁会出现负压区和低速区,气流速度和弯曲比会对流场产生影响;硫颗粒在弯管中的沉积率随流速、粒径和弯曲比的增大而增大;硫颗粒沉积是重力和离心力共同作用的结果,其中离心力是导致弯管中沉积率增大的重要原因。     

Impact of bias in predicted height on tree volume estimation: A case-study of intrinsic nonlinearity

Bias originating from intrinsic nonlinearity in nonlinear models is caused by excess curvature in the solution locus of parameter estimates derived from least squares procedures. Bias due to intrinsic nonlinearity varies according to sample size as well as model specification. This paper analyses consequences of fractionising data into smaller sub-samples. Based on measurements of stem diameter and total tree height from the first Danish national forest inventory, it is demonstrated how data splitting at random may cause the intrinsic nonlinear curvature to exceed the critical F-value. Application of a Taylor-series expansion shows that, for all practical purposes, the bias in predictions of individual tree volume (based on stem diameter and tree height) is negligible. To minimize residual variance, intrinsic curvature and, in turn, prediction bias, it is recommended that data be stratified according to site conditions, stand characteristics or other relevant criteria. Finally, the preferred model should exhibit close-to-linear behaviour.     

双曲扁壳覆盖件抗凹刚度和稳定性的实验研究

此丈对不同成形条件下压制得到的矩形双曲扁壳进行了抗凹试验,分析了载荷--位移试验曲线的特征,零件凹陷特点及失稳模式,得到了反映抗凹刚度和稳定性的特征参数及其和零件几何的关系,并讨论了改善和提高覆盖件抗凹刚度和稳定性的措施。     

基于小波变换和模态曲率差的起重机金属结构损伤识别

属于焊接结构的起重机金属结构受交变载荷的影响,随着使用年限的增加,不可避免地会产生裂纹和腐蚀等损伤,从而引发突发性重大断裂事故。为此,基于结构的振动特性及小波变换理论来研究起重机金属结构的早期损伤识别问题,通过改变局部弹性模量模拟不同损伤工况,分析了起重机主梁在不同损伤工况下的动态响应特性。结果表明,小波变换可明显放大不易察觉的损伤突变,模态曲率差具有较好的损伤识别能力,可为起重机金属结构损伤识别提供新的思路。     

喀斯特山体地形对表层岩溶带发育的影响——以陈旗小流域为例

表层岩溶带是喀斯特地区水分重要的赋存与运移空间,是该地区水文过程的重要控制因素,其发育受气候、岩性、地貌等多种因素影响。选取贵州普定县陈旗流域典型山体为研究对象,采用山坡剖面曲率描述山坡地形,利用探地雷达现场勘测表层岩溶带发育厚度,在此基础上分析了表层岩溶带发育特征及其受地形因素的影响。结果表明,喀斯特山体地形低凹处具...     

突起路标合理设置的原理与方法研究

目前国内外还没有针对路钮的设置间距进行相关的模型研究,实施中通常根据经验进行设置。笔者基于曲线曲率最佳感知精度和路钮视像连续的两种设置原理,并考虑驾驶员的视觉特点、车辆的灯光照射性能,提出以视线诱导为目的,在驾驶员视野范围内始终出现4块路钮的设置间距与曲线半径的关系模型;并以路钮视像在人眼中形成一条连续的诱导线为目的设置间距与道路设计车速之间的关系模型。在两种方法的最终设置间距中取两种模型的小值作为最终的设置间距,并根据反光及不反光路钮的特点、设置的经济性和路段的交通安全状况对其设置方式作了分析和探讨。经研究,该模型可作为相关规范中路钮设置间距的依据。     

钢筋混凝土梁正截面率相关特性分析

根据混凝土单轴动力特性试验,对规范给出的混凝土应力—应变关系表达式进行了修正,引入了应变率的影响,并利用修正的表达式对钢筋混凝土梁的开裂弯矩、开裂曲率、极限弯矩和极限曲率进行了数值分析。分析考虑2种情况:①只考虑混凝土的动态特性;②既考虑混凝土的动态特性,也考虑钢筋的动态特性。结果表明,对于适筋梁,混凝土的动态特性对梁的开裂弯矩、开裂曲率、极限弯矩和极限曲率的影响很小,但是钢筋的动态特性的影响比较大;而对于超筋梁,混凝土的动态特性和钢筋的动态特性对梁的开裂弯矩、开裂曲率、极限弯矩和极限曲率都有显著影响。     

A novel speed model for safety evaluation of freeway alignment in Euclidean 3D space

Objective: Operating speed is a critical indicator to evaluate consistency of road alignment and safety. Although extensive studies have been conducted on developing operating speed models, few researchers have considered the interactive influence of horizontal and vertical alignment in 3D space. The purpose of this study is to develop a speed model based on 3D alignment in Euclidean space rather than traditional horizontal and vertical alignment.

Methods: According to the curve theory of differential geometry, a novel method to estimate operating speed is proposed in our study using 3D space curvature instead of traditional horizontal or vertical parameters to describe the spatial geometric properties for a freeway alignment. Speeds of 54 different alignment segments are observed to develop the speed model. Several observing sites of each segment are selected beforehand, and the speeds of more than 300 vehicles in each site are observed. Space curvature is used as an important index to estimate operating speed.

Results: The findings of this study indicated that both horizontal alignment and vertical alignment contribute to space curvature. Space curvature mainly affects direction control operating performance. However, vehicles overcome the effects of gravity along the vertical alignment in the z direction. Results indicate that operating speed exponentially declines with space curvature and that quadratic parabola decline with vertical grade.

Conclusions: It can be concluded that there is a clear correlation between velocity and spatial curvature, which is proved by variance analysis. The estimation results of the speed models are reliable as tested using a real engineering example. The study would provide a scientific basis for safety evaluation of freeway alignment.     

连续弯曲河道段桥位布置及通航安全分析

基于MMG船舶操纵运动数学模型基本理论,利用龙格-库塔方法进行积分计算求解方程组,将船舶的各受力方程结合流场数学模型计算的表面流场数据在MATLAB软件中编制成船舶操纵运动数值模拟可视化程序,以洞庭湖澧水洪道安乡大桥建设工程为背景,计算分析桥梁建设后航道弯曲半径及桥前直线段距离对通航安全的影响.结果表明,船队通过连续弯曲河道出弯时占用的航宽增大,千吨级航道中的弯曲半径取《内河通航标准》中单弯情况规定的最小值480 m时,上游出弯口与大桥间的安全直线段距离需6倍船长以上.距离为5倍船长时,航道弯曲半径应增大至550 m,无法达到相应的航道弯曲半径时,下游桥孔的通航跨距应相应增加15.8％.     

Blade thickness effect on the aerodynamic performance of an asymmetric NACA six series blade vertical axis wind turbine in low wind speed

ABSTRACT

Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is an economic and widely used energy converter for converting wind energy into useful form of energy, like mechanical and electrical energy. For efficient energy conversion in low wind speed and to have improved power coefficient of asymmetric blade VAWT, selection of optimum blade thickness is needed thus entailing its detailed investigation with respect to different operating wind speed conditions. Present study methodically explores the impact of thickness to chord (t/c) ratio on aerodynamic performance of a three bladed asymmetrical blade H-Darrieus VAWT at different low wind speed conditions by using 2D unsteady CFD simulations. The optimal t/c is obtained on the basis of maximum power coefficient and average moment coefficient of the turbine. The aerodynamic performance curves are obtained at different operating and t/c conditions and the performance insights are corroborated with the findings from the flow physics study to come to some concrete conclusions on the effects of the thickness to chord ratio. The present study identifies large blade curvature to create a large diverging passage on the blade suction surface as the prominent reason for aerodynamic performance drop at a high t/c ratio.