Product study of the reaction of OH radicals with isoprene in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR

Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene and its oxidation products methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) have an important impact on the photochemical activity in the boundary layer, in particular in forested areas. The oxidation of isoprene by OH radicals was investigated in chamber experiments conducted under tropospheric conditions in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR at the Research Center Jülich. The aim was to determine the product yield of MVK and MACR in the OH-induced isoprene oxidation and the rate constant of their reaction with OH under real atmospheric conditions. The recently published updated degradation scheme for isoprene from Geiger et al. (2003) was used to determine rate constants and product yields. The fractional yields in the isoprene peroxy radical reaction with NO were found to be 0.41±0.03 for MVK and 0.27±0.03 for MACR. The rate coefficient for MACR with OH was found to be in very good agreement with the recommended value of IUPAC Atkinson (Atkinson et al., 2005). while the rate coefficient for MVK with OH was 27% lower.     

A technique for atmospheric measurements of stable carbon isotope ratios of isoprene,methacrolein, and methyl vinyl ketone

A technique was developed to measure stable carbon isotope ratios (¹³C/¹²C) of light volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as isoprene, methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) using gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS). An automated sampling and cryofocussing system allowed for the extraction of VOCs from air samples of up to 140 L of air collected over 3 h, and the subsequent ¹³C/¹²C analysis of the VOCs by GCC-IRMS. Chromatography using selective transfer between two columns was used to improve the separation for selected compounds, increasing peak resolution and attaining less noisy baselines. Still, some target compounds could not be completely separated from co-eluting peaks. To reduce the bias of isotope ratio determinations, which can result from incomplete peak resolution, a peak-fitting procedure has been developed. In cases of overlapping peaks or substantial baseline drift, this peak fitting allows more accurate determination of isotope ratios than conventional integration schemes. Comparisons between off-line IRMS measurements and a peak-evaluation procedure using a prepared VOC gas-phase standard show that isotope ratios derived from large (>1 ng of carbon per peak) and well-resolved peaks have a reproducibility of ±0.3‰. With smaller masses in the range of 0.1–1 ng of carbon, reproducibility decreased to ±(0.5–0.8)‰. For a 140 L sample of air, such small masses of carbon correspond to mixing ratios in the low pptV range. The developed measurement technique was applied to a small set of ambient air samples taken during hot, sunny periods from late May to early August, 2005, at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, a semi-rural area. The range of δ¹³C values determined for isoprene, benzene, and toluene are consistent with those reported in the literature. GCC-IRMS results of δ¹³C for ambient samples of isoprene, MACR, and MVK, measured at mixing ratios of 15–280 pptV, are presented and discussed.     

有机酸盐热模拟产物中芳烃馏分特征及其地质意义

为了研究有机酸盐生烃演化特征,对有机酸盐进行了270℃、320℃、360℃、400℃和430℃一系列温度点的热模拟,实验结果表明,有机酸盐会大量转化为酮系列化合物,酮化合物最大产率阶段为320℃到360℃,其中360℃时产率最高,其转化率可达有机酸盐加入量的39%,400℃后产率急剧下降。这表明脂肪酸镁向酮系列化合物的最大转化温度段稍早或一致于有机质大量生烃阶段,但该类化合物对热较敏感,高温下不易保存,因此酮作为评价有机酸盐生烃贡献强度的指标只能适合于中—低温演化阶段的烃源岩。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法和火焰原子吸收光谱法连续测定化探样品中12个元素

建立了地质化探样品中不同含量和检出限要求的12个元素的连续测定方法。样品经一次取样,用盐酸-氢氟酸-硝酸-高氯酸溶样,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铜、铅、锌、钴、镍、镉、锶、钡、钒、锰后,加碘化钾-甲基异丁基甲酮萃取分离,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定银、镉。银、镉的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)分别为6.5%、4.7%。与现行分析方法相比,建立的方法灵敏度和精密度高、准确度好,降低了生产成本,缩短了检测时间,尤其适合大量化探样品的测定。     

φ175 mm电磁随钻测量系统的研制及试验研究

在深孔、定向孔钻进过程中,对钻孔轨迹的控制十分重要。电磁随钻测量系统能够监测钻孔状态参数并通过无线电磁波实时传输至地面,具有信号传输速率高、不受钻井液影响等优势。详细阐述了一种自主研发的电磁随钻测量系统及试验情况,试验最大孔深为609 m,此时地面接收信号高达200 mV。试验研究表明：该系统性能可靠,完全能够满足随钻测量近钻头处钻孔状态及环空压力、温度等参数的需求。     

Colorimetric determination of nanomolar concentrations of silicate in natural waters after liquid-liquid extraction using methyl isobutyl ketone

A sensitive solvent extraction method for the determination of nonamolar concentrations of silicate in natural waters is developed. According to the traditional aqueous silicate method, silicomolybdenum blue formed by the reaction between silicate and ammoni- um molydate and reduced by metol-sulfite reagent is extracted by methyl isobutyl ketone. The absorbance can be enhanced substantially up to 10-folds. The detection limit of silicate is 8 nmol/dm^3 , which is one tenth smaller than the traditional method, with the precision of 4.0% at a silicate level of 50 nmol/dm^3 and 3.2% at a silicate level of 6 μmol/dm^3. Comparing the calibration curves in the distilled water and seawater, it can be seen that the salt effect also exists in the extraction method. However, the salt effect is a linear function of the salinity and can be corrected by simple calibration. The proposed method is successfully applied to the determination of silicate in natural waters. Natural concentrations of arsenate, arsenite and phosphate cause negligible interference.     

甲基异丁基酮负载泡塑富集—原子吸收测定岩矿中痕量金银铊镉

研究了多种负载泡塑对Au、Ag、Ti、Cd的富集行为。提出了在HCI-KI-抗坏血酸介质中用甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)负载泡塑同时萃取,然后用2％硫脲-1％HCl解脱的富集方法,并采用火焰原子吸收连续测定地质样品中痕量Au、Ag、Tl和Cd,方法的测定下限(μg/g)分别为:0.2g、0.05、0.20和0.04。     

塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩沥青"A"的地球化学特征

塔里木盆地采集的海相碳酸盐岩样品经粉碎后在索氏抽提器中用氯仿溶液抽提,正己烷沉淀沥青质后,可溶有机质进行柱色层族组成分离,获得饱和烃、芳烃、非烃,饱和烃和芳烃直接进行气相色谱-质谱分析,非烃经三氟化硼-甲醇混合液酯化后进行气相色谱-质谱分析。结果显示,样品有机质的演化程度高,母质类型以水生生物为主,台地相成烃古环境为富含单质硫的微生物发育的咸化深水还原环境。样品有机质经历过强烈的环化-芳构化过程和去甲基化过程有利于以甲烷为主的天然气的生成。样品的芳烃馏分中检测到C31-16-one、C33-16-one和C35-18-one长链中位酮化合物,推断这些长链中位酮可能是有机酸盐存在的特征生物标识化合物。     

柱前衍生-气相色谱法同时测定水中醛酮类和硝基苯类化合物

建立了柱前衍生-气相色谱法同时测定水样中醛酮类及硝基苯类化合物含量的检测方法。对影响衍生效率的因素如溶液的酸度、反应温度和时间、衍生试剂2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)的用量等因素进行了试验,确定了DNPH与醛酮类化合物反应生成腙的最佳条件为pH=3时40℃恒温水浴反应1h。利用二氯甲烷萃取反应生成的腙和硝基苯类化合物,旋转蒸发仪浓缩,氮吹转换甲醇相,使用电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定目标化合物。各化合物的质量浓度与其色谱峰峰面积的线性相关系数均在0.9989以上,方法检出限为0.01～0.03μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)均低于6.0%,回收率在89.5%～110.2%。方法简便、经济、回收率高,可用于水质中醛酮类及硝基苯类化合物的检测。     

An Atmospheric Chemistry Interpretation of Mass Scans Obtained from a Proton Transfer Mass Spectrometer Flown over the Tropical Rainforest of Surinam

Data on a variety of organic gases are presented, obtained with a protontransfer mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) operated during the March 1998 LBA/CLAIREairborne measurement campaign, between 60 and 12500 m over the rainforest inSurinam (2° N–5° N, 54° W–57° W). The instrumentcan detect molecules with a proton affinity greater than water, includingalkenes, dialkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, and nitriles. Many such molecules areemitted from the rainforest (e.g., isoprene) or formed from the oxidation ofprimary emissions (e.g., methylvinylketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR)).From a comparison with modelled data; the variation with altitude; previouslyreported biogenic emissions and the time and location of the measurement,possible and probable identities for the significant masses encountered in therange 33–140 amu have been deduced.The main observed protonated masses, postulated identities and observedaverage boundary layer mixing ratios over the rainforest were: 33 methanol(1.1 nmol/mol); 42 acetonitrile (190 pmol/mol); 43 multiple possibilities (5.9nmol/mol), 45 acetaldehyde (1.7 nmol/mol), 47 formic acid (not quantified);59 acetone (2.9 nmol/mol), 61 acetic acid (not quantified), 63 dimethylsulphide (DMS) (289 pmol/mol), 69 isoprene (1.7 nmol/mol), 71 MVK + MACR (1.3nmol/mol), 73 methyl ethyl ketone (1.8 nmol/mol), 75 hydroxyacetone (606pmol/mol), 83 C₅ isoprene hydroxy carbonylsC₅H₈O₂, methyl furan, and cis 3-hexen-1-ol(732 pmol/mol), 87 C₅ carbonyls and methacrylic acid, 95 possibly2-vinyl furan (656 pmol/mol), 97 unknown (305 pmol/mol), 99 cis hexenal (512pmol/mol) and 101 isoprene C₅ hydroperoxides (575 pmol/mol). Somespecies agreed well with those derived from an isoprene only photochemicalmodel (e.g., mass 71 MVK + MACR) while others did not and were observed athigher than previously reported mixing ratios (e.g., mass 59 acetone, mass 63DMS). Monoterpenes were not detected above the detection limit of 300pmol/mol. Several species postulated are potentially important sources ofHO_x in the free troposphere, e.g., methanol, acetone, methyl ethylketone, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein.