Evaluation of remedial alternatives for a petroleum contaminated unconfined aquifer with fluctuating groundwater level

This study evaluated remedial alternatives for a petroleum-contaminated site where an unconfined aquifer composed of a sandy layer of about 3–3.5 m thickness is covered by alluvial deposits and reclaimed soil of about 1.5 m thickness. Precambrian gneiss, of low permeability, lies below the sandy layer. The shallow water table is about 3 m below the surface, but shows high fluctuations of up to 1.5 m in response to precipitation events. The unsaturated soil near the water table and the groundwater are highly contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, especially toluene, which have apparently leaked from storage tanks. Selection of the remedial alternatives required consideration of the relevant laws on soil and groundwater conservation in Korea, the results of risk analysis and the hydrogeological conditions. The contaminated area has been divided into zones in which different remediation goals are set based on risk analysis and the degree of natural attenuation. It is estimated that the clean-up goal can be achieved in two years by the combined use of a trench drain and well point pumping to collect the contaminated groundwater for treatment, and a dual air injection system for the contaminated soil.     

Is there the will to manage fisheries at a local level in the European Union? A case study from Shetland

The failure of the command and control approach to fisheries management has encouraged governments to look for new ways of balancing the requirement to conserve fish stocks and yet maintain a flow of benefits that will meet economic and social targets. In the quest to establish a system for sustaining production in the Common Pond, the European Union (EU) has begun to investigate alternatives to the current management system. This research paper examines the problems associated with the current management regime operating in the EU in the light of alternatives for managing the fisheries. The research seeks to establish whether, given the serious problems confronting the EU's fishing industries, fishermen would be prepared to accept change and offer their ideas and support to develop an alternative management system. The research draws on the opinions of fishermen from Shetland and discusses the findings gained from interviewing key informants in conjunction with the results of an opinion survey of skippers and boat owners.     

THE NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND MULTIPLE COMPARISONS PROCEDURES IN GEOGRAPHY*

Geographers employing the parametric F statistic in analyses of variance should consider that it can be highly sensitive to departures from normality. The Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests offer geographers nonparametric alternatives to the analysis of variance, for k dependent and independent samples respectively. Associated with the tests are little known methods for examining ordered alternatives and making multiple comparisons between samples, thereby permitting in-depth analysis of sample data. Both tests and these latter procedures are illustrated by examples drawn from population and urban retailing geography.     

Power and changes in the balance between ideology and pragmatism in the right wing Likud Party

When the Zionist executive abandoned Jewish rights to Trans-Jordanian Palestine, Jabotinsky established the Revisionist movement from which Etzel the Jewish right-wing underground movement in Palestine developed. This was the precursor of the Herut (Freedom) Party, from which the Likud party emerged in September 1973 to challenge the Labour Alignment (headed by the Israel Labour Party). Between the War of Independence (1948) and the signature of the Camp David accords (1978), the Government of Israel came under strong international pressure to solve the problem of the Arab refugees. During this time, dramatic changes took place in Herut's ideology and political status. In 1948, Herut was an outcast political party with a radical ideology, demanding the establishment of a Jewish Commonwealth on both sides of the Jordan. It perceived the Arab refugees to be a potential fifth column and the contiguous Arab states to be inimical. It strenuously opposed the Mapai led political Establishment's willingness to sign Armistice Agreements and make compromises with regard to Arab refugees. After Levi Eshkol replaced Ben-Gurion as the head of Mapai, Herut began to become part of the Israeli consensus and a member of the political Establishment. Herut served in Levy Eshkol's National Crisis Government before and during the 1967 war, and as the major force of Gahal, after the war. Concomitant with this, there were great changes in Herut's expressed ideology, chief among these were the tacit renunciation of trans-Jordan Palestine as part of the Jewish Commonwealth and the explicit acceptance of the Arab refugees as potential citizens of the State of Israel.     

调水项目替代方案的多层次比选技术

替代方案比选在调水项目可行性研究和环境影响评价中,处于核心地位。结合调水项目环评的特点,提出了替代方案的多层次比选方法,对从上游两个水库向白洋淀调水的项目替代方案进行了案例研究。结果表明,相比传统的不分层比选,多层次比选更能有效避免替代方案的遗漏,提高方案比选的科学性。     

GIS‐based multicriteria spatial modeling generic framework

Multicriteria analysis is a set of mathematical tools and methods allowing the comparison of different alternatives according to many criteria, often conflicting, to guide the decision maker towards a judicious choice. Multicriteria methods are used in spatial context to evaluate and compare spatial decision alternatives, often modeled through constraint‐based suitability analysis and represented by point, line, and polygon features or their combination, and evaluated on several space‐related criteria, to select a restricted subset for implementation. Outranking methods, a family of multicriteria methods, may be useful in spatial decision problems, especially when ordinal evaluation criteria are implied. However, it is recognized that these methods, except those devoted to multicriteria classification problems, are subject to computational limitations with respect to the number of alternatives. This paper proposes a framework to facilitate the incorporation and use of outranking methods in geographical information systems (GIS). The framework is composed of two phases. The first phase allows producing a planar subdivision of the study area obtained by combining a set of criteria maps; each represents a particular vision of the decision problem. The result is a set of non‐overlapping spatial units. The second phase allows constructing decision alternatives by combining the spatial units. Point, line and polygon feature‐based decision alternatives are then constructed as an individual, a grouping of linearly adjacent or a grouping of contiguous spatial units. This permits us to reduce considerably the number of alternatives, enabling the use of outranking methods. The framework is illustrated through the development of a prototype and through a step‐by‐step application to a corridor identification problem. This paper includes also a discussion of some conceptual and technical issues related to the framework.     

Hydro-morphological modeling to characterize the adequacy of jetties and subsidiary alternatives in sedimentary stock rationalization within tidal inlets of marine lagoons

Alterations to the tidal inlets shoals, whether natural or anthropogenic, can dramatically influence the hydro-morphological balance of the inlet system in the short and long-term. Jettied inlets, despite typically supported by former technical design reports in curtailing the sedimentology stock, sometimes they require amendments. This paper provides an expository epitome for understanding the role of jetties in concerning the extent of their adequacy to economically and ecologically rationalize the internal siltation within both the western and the eastern tidal inlets of the Bardawil Lagoon, which is situated along the Mediterranean coastline of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. The main tool to characterize that role is the hydro-morphological modeling of the inlets system. We used a two-dimensional hydrodynamic circulation model consisting of two steering modules, CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave. In a five-year simulation process, this study emphasized that the sole use of jetties was noticeably insufficient to fulfill the satisfactory stabilization of the sedimentation processes inside the inlets. Consequently, the lake's ecosystem might entirely collapse in the short run due to the progressive deposits fashioning in the form of ebb/flood-tidal deltas. Accordingly, we proposed alternative solutions based on structural modulation scenarios in the vicinity of inlets domain encompassing jetties extension, flow-diverted wall (FDW), sediment trap (ST), random radial channels (RC) and lateral wide channel (LWC). Based upon the results of an optimization model using the Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system, the addition of a lined LWC alongside with jetties proved to be an effective solution over a longer period that rather meets the needs of the majority of stakeholders satisfactorily.     

伊洛河流域开发战略研究

伊洛河流域复杂的自然条件、丰富的自然资源以及悠久的开发历史,使其具有独特的人文环境和地域经济.基于伊洛河流域的基本特征和存在的主要问题,为实现流域可持续发展,提出了应坚持以经济发展优先、富县与富民相结合、各区段协调发展、经济发展与生态环境保护相协调等为基本原则,以优化农业空间生产结构、改善经济网络结构、合理开发自然资源、引导农村工业发展和积极开展生态旅游等为战略重点实施流域开发.     

SEDIMENTATION, RIVER GEOMETRY, AND BANK EROSION OF THE KANKAKEE RIVER IN ILLINOIS AND INDIANA

1 BACKGROUND The Kankakee River, which straddles the States of Indiana and Illinois in the Midwest, is shown in Fig. 1. This figure also shows the dividing line between these two states and the streamgaging and few sediment gaging stations in the basin. The main stem of the river in Indiana was channelized, thus bypassing numerous oxbows, meanders, side channels, etc., that existed before the 1890s. Before channelization in Indiana, the river essentially flowed through a wetland/mar…