黄河三角洲的历史变迁

由于喜马拉雅山和西藏高原的隆起，增加了上新世末或更新世初中国西、中和东部的隆起差异，同时在中亚和中国西北部形成干燥地区，黄土开始在中国中北部堆积，结果，以前分散的河流体系汇合形成黄河，虽然Zhu(1989)赞同黄河形成于早更新世末，但Zhang(1989)认为黄河形成于晚更新世末，尽管这些结论不同，     

Early Uplift History of the Tibetan Plateau:Records from Paleocurrents and Paleodrainage in the Hoh Xil Basin

Paleocurrent indicator data collected in field work were used to study the early Cenozoic regional paleodrainage patterns in the Hob Xil basin in northern Tibetan plateau. The paleocurrent directions of the Eocene Fenghuoshan Group obviously show that the flows were northward with a unidirectional dispersal pattern. This probably reflects the uplift of the Qiangtang terrain during the initial basin deposition period and indicates that the Tanggula Moutains occurred as topographic highlands at least in the Eocene. Paleoflows of the Oligocene Yaxicuo Group were dominantly oriented to the north and then flowed eastwards during its late deposition. This regional variability of paleodrainage patterns of the Yaxicuo Group is interpreted to record the dispersal style of sediments from transverse rivers to longitudinal river systems. It is inferred that the Oligocene uplift of the Kunlun Mountains obstructed by northward paleoflows and created longitudinal river systems parallel to the orogenic belts. The temporal and spatial changes of the paleodrainage patterns suggest that the northern boundary of the Tibetan plateau during the early Cenozoic was situated in the Hoh Xil area and its uplift has progressed northwards through time.     

近40年来西藏高原气候变化特征分析

本文利用西藏高原近40年来的逐月气象数据，通过时间序列分析和非参数Mann—Kendall检验方法，对西藏高原日照时数、平均气温、小型蒸发皿蒸发量和降水量4个基本气象要素变化特征进行了较为全面的分析，揭示了近40年来西藏高原气候变化的主要特征．结果表明：（1）日照时数是西北部长，东南部短，且东南部呈一定的下降趋势，西北部呈一定的上升趋势；（2）年平均气温以0℃和5℃为界划分为3个区，研究区全年总体表现出升温趋势，藏西地区的气温变化趋势大于藏东地区；（3）蒸发量年变化很大，研究区整体呈下降趋势，空间上表现为从西部向东部逐渐减少的趋势，其中仅西部和东南部小部分地区呈现出上升趋势，其余地区都为下降趋势；（4）降水趋势变率空间分布上的基本规律是：其大小由东往西逐渐减小，藏中和藏东为上升趋势，藏西为下降趋势．另外，4个要素各月与各季节的变化趋势与年变化趋势间表现出很好的一致性．     

The Paleo－Environmental Significance of Sr and Ca Contained in Acid－Soluble Fraction of Plateau Loess Deposits in Xining Basin

The Xining Basin,located on northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,is adjacent to the Qaidam Bsim and Gobi-desert.Therefore,thick,integrated deposits of loess or paleo-sol sequence were well developed.As is well known,there is much paleo-environmental information recorded in loess and plaeo-sol.So if we deal with paleo-environmental index from different an gles ,especially from loess geochemistry,some important and detailed paleo-environmental evolutional information will be acquired.Based on this,the authors determined the contents of Sr and Ca contained in acid-soluble fraction from the bottom to the top of the Panzishan section.This section was obtained through making a well about 17 m in depth,including S1 paleo-sol that was developed during the last interglacial period.According to the results,it is found that variations in contents of Sr and Ca are well correlated with conversion of loess and paleo-sol.In loess deposits,the contents of Sr and Ca are higher than those in paleo-sol deposits.It is known that loess was deposited under cold-dry climate conditions and paleo-sol was developed during warm-humid climate episodes.It is concluded that due to their mobile behaviors,under cold-dry climate conditions,Sr and Ca are stagnant during weak weathering,but under warm-humid climate conditions,Sr and Ca are easily leached and transported in aqueous solution.Therefore,they can be utilized as indicatiors of climate changes.Moreover,variations in contents of Sr and Ca are more sensitive than susceptibility.The mobile behaviors of Sr and Ca contained in acid-soluble fraction can serve as a new quantitative index to evaluate paleo-environmental changes on the plateau.     

Paleoclimate Changes during the Early Oiigocene in the Hoh Xil Region, Northern Tibetan Plateau

Sedimentological, cyclic-stratigraphic, paleomagnetic, and clay-mineralogical studies on the early Oligocene Yaxicuo Group in the Hoh Xil Basin, the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, provide abundant information of paleoclimate changes. A 350-m thick section in the middle-lower Yaxicuo Group was analyzed to reveal the climatic history that occurred in the Hoh Xil region during the early Oligocene interval 31.30-30.35 Ma, dated with the paleomagnetic chronostratigraphy. The results indicate that add and cold climate dominated the Hoh Xil region during the early Oligocene in general, being related to the global cooling and drying events that occurred in the earliest Oligocene. Within this period, relatively warm and wet climate accompanied by strong tectonic activity occurred in the 31.05-30.75 Ma interval; while add and cold climate and relatively inactive tectonics occurred in the 31.30-31.05 and 30.75-30.35 Ma intervals. Furthermore, spectral analyses of high-temporal resolution paleoclimatic records show orbital periods including eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. It is concluded that paleoclimate changes during the early Oligocene in the Hoh Xil region were forced by both tectonic activity and orbital periods.     

西藏高原西、中、东的分段性及其意义

经过近几十年的研究,人们已经普遍认为青藏高原是由几条近东西向的块体先后拼贴而成,大型的东西向构造是高原内部最明显的构造特征。然而根据最近所获得的有关西藏高原以及附近地区的重力场、地震层析成像、地震活动性、水平位移速度场以及地质等资料,发现整个西藏高原内部存在着明显的两条重要的南北向或近南北向构造和一些小型的南北向构造,它们将西藏高原划分为西、中、东三个有各自构造特点的部分;西侧的南北向构造沿84°～85°E延伸,东侧的近南北向构造位于92°～94°E之间。这两个构造带在上述的多种地球物理资料中均有良好的显示,是重要的重力异常变异带、重要的热结构边界带、重要的地震活动带,也是明显的地貌陡变带,等等。高原西部地形崎岖,剥蚀最深,布格重力异常最高,目前向北北西方向运动;中部地区地表平坦,发育众多的南北向地堑裂谷,东西向伸展活动最明显,海拔最高,集中分布了7座超过8000m的高峰,目前向北东东方向运动;而东部地区地形也比较崎岖,发育许多目前仍在强烈活动的走滑断层,在这些断层之间,地块相对转动,目前向北东甚至南东方向运动。造成西藏高原东西分段的原因现在还不清楚,笔者等倾向认为造成这种现象可能是由于与欧亚板块发生碰撞的印度板块在横向上也是西、中、东分段的,印度     

西藏高原低大气压下冬小麦表观光合量子产额及其对温度和胞间CO_2浓度变化的响应

西藏高原海拔高,大气压低,气温低且日较差变幅大,植物的光合作用受到显著的影响.单叶表观光合量子产额(αA)是反映植物光能利用和光合物质生产效率的基本参数,准确确定西藏高原的αA在研究高原C3植物光合作用和全球变化建模中具有重要意义.在海拔3688m,大气压为654×102Pa的拉萨高原生态试验站,利用Li-Cor6400光合仪测定了冬小麦旗叶在不同温度和胞间CO2浓度下的光响应曲线.利用0~150μmolm?2·s?1光量子通量密度下与净光合速率的初始斜率为αA指标,分析了高原稀薄大气环境下C3作物冬小麦的αA随叶温和胞间CO2浓度的变化规律.在30℃下,西藏高原冬小麦旗叶αA为0.0476±0.0038,与低海拔地区C3植物相比相差不大.αA主要受到温度和[CO2]/[O2]分压比的综合影响,以往测得αA可能由于仪器和数据处理方法的系统误差而低估了西藏高原真实值.αA随温度升高呈线性降低,温度每升高1℃,αA降低0.0007,随温度降低的梯度与低海拔地区相似.αA受到[O2]的显著影响,在一定[O2]下,随胞间CO2浓度增加而升高,呈双曲线关系.与低海拔地区相比,高原αA对CO2升高反应更敏感.     

西藏高原大气折射指数的时空分布

利用西藏高原上四个站常规探空资料，应用大气折射指数理论和统计学方法得出：利用两层指数模式拟合实际的大气折射指数垂直分布可保证精度。由于地面气象要素日较差，年较差较大，折射指数日变化、年变化在对流层低层幅度最大，气压、温度、水汽压的分布，变化决定了折射指数的分布变化，不论日际变化，还是年际变化，水汽压都占主导地位。     

西藏高原那曲至亚东测线地壳、上地幔的大地电磁研究

我们用自制仪器于1977年首次在西藏高原进行了大地电磁测量。本文给出了那曲、曲水、江孜、帕里、亚东5个测点的测量和反演结果。 5个测点均反映为五层地电模型。得到如下结果: 1.那曲、曲水、江孜、帕里及亚东前四层总厚度分别为:66、65、62、57、50公里; 2.各测点电性特征相似,均属低-高-低型; 3.各测点的地壳中均存在一低阻层,其埋深约为10-20公里; 4.以雅鲁藏布江为界,南北两地区电性层厚度变化程度有显著差异,北部平缓,南部较剧; 5.表面沉积层厚度在4公里左右。     

西藏高原近40年的气温变化

利用西藏1961－2000年月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温资料，分析了近40年高原气温的变化趋势。结果发现，西藏大部分地区四季和年平均气温为升温趋势，尤其是秋、冬季；高原上普遍存在气温非对称变化现象，以Tmax、Tmin显著上升，但Tmin上升幅度大于Tmax为主要类型。Tmax上升主要表现在夏季，增暖以冬季最为明显，气温日较差降夏季外均显著减小。在各纬度带上均表现为升温，春、秋季升温最大，冬季次之。高海拔地区比低海拔地区升温强。近40年来西藏高原年平均气温以0.26℃/10a的增长率上升，明显高于全国和全球气温的增长率。20世纪60年代多异常偏冷年，90年代多异常偏暖年。