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巨块型肝癌在我国肝癌病人中所占比例较高,其手术治疗难度大、并发症多、预后差。准确的术前评估对改善其疗效尤为重要。三维手术模拟软件的应用可清晰地立体重建肝脏内的解剖,对感兴趣区域的距离、体积等进行精确计算,同时可以模拟不同手术方案,根据病人具体情况对手术范围、方式进行调整,对改善复杂、疑难和巨块型肝癌手术的疗效有一定价值。     

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开腹Oddi括约肌切开成形术仍是临床上常用的手术方法,在狭小的手术野中进行细致的手术容易招致医源性的损伤。发生损伤原因包括解剖因素、病理因素和手术操作因素。并发症主要包括胆管和胰腺的穿通伤、胰管阻塞引起的胰腺炎、十二指肠漏、消化道出血等。严重的损伤导致各种并发症发生,甚至威胁病人生命。因此,术中应充分游离十二指肠降段,正确辨认和寻找乳头、避免暴力的探查,选择合适的缝线细致吻合胆管及十二指肠黏膜,牢靠关闭十二指肠切口。一旦出现损伤后的并发症,应遵循先处理急症,然后逐步寻找部位和病因,再针对病因进行合理的处理。     

老年胰十二指肠切除术79例分析

老年胰腺和壶腹肿瘤渐多。胰十二指肠切除术 (PDE)目前是治愈胰腺及壶腹肿瘤的唯一手段。但 PDE创伤较大 ,并发症和死亡率较高。本文探讨老年患者对 PDE的耐受情况及注意事项。1　临床资料我院 1977年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 10月共施行 PDE2 10例 ,年龄14～ 78岁 ,<6 0岁者 (年轻组 ) 131例 ,平均 4 8.0± 8.5岁 ,≥ 6 0岁者 (老年组 ) 79例 ,平均 6 6 .0± 4 .7岁。1.1　术前检查　两组术前血红蛋白 (Hb)、总胆红素 (TBIL)、谷氨酸氨基转移酶 (AL T)、直接胆红素 (DBIL)、白蛋白(AL B)、血糖、尿素氮 (BUN)、凝血酶原时间和心电图异…     

甲硝唑在胆汁中的浓度动态分布的实验研究

目的研究甲硝唑在家兔胆汁中的浓度动态分布,为预防和治疗肝胆系统厌氧菌感染提供参考和依据。方法家兔行胆总管造瘘术,静脉注射甲硝唑后于不同时间点采集胆汁标本,采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定其在胆汁中的浓度,了解用药后不同时间药物在胆汁中的动态分布。结果家兔静脉注射甲硝唑（40mg／kg）后0．25h胆药浓度即大大超过有效杀菌浓度,胆汁药物达峰时间Tmax为（0．29±0．10）h;峰浓度Cmax为（29．49±10．02）±g／mL,远远超过其对厌氧菌的有效杀菌浓度（0．25-2μg／mL）,给药后4h胆药浓度仍达到最低抑菌浓度。结论甲硝唑可作为预防和治疗胆道厌氧菌感染较好的药物。     

ABCG2蛋白在肝癌中表达的临床意义

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of ABCG2 protein in hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Specimens of HCC were collected at The First Aifiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2005 to December 2006. The expression of ABCG2 protein in 165 samples of HCC tissue, 25 samples of normal liver tissue and 40 samples of cirrhotic liver tissue was detected using immunohisto-chemistry. The correlation between the expression of ABCG2 protein and clinicopathological characters was then analyzed. Enumeration data, survival rate and the difference between groups were analyzed with a chi-square test, the Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test, respectively. Results ABCG2 protein expression was weakly posi-tive in all normal and cirrhotic liver tissues. In HCC tissues, the expression of ABCG2 protein was strongly positive in 66 cases and weakly positive in 99 cases. The expression of ABCG2 protein was related to tumor diameter, tumor number, adjacent organ invasion and TNM stages (χ2 =8. 130, 14. 279, 4. 820, 21. 179, P <0. 05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with strongly positive ABCG2 protein had a significantly lower 3-year overall survival (24. 1%) compared with those with weakly positive ABCG2 protein (39. 4%) (χ2 = 15.716, P<0.05). Conclusions The expression level of ABCG2 protein is related to tumor invasiveness, TNM stage and prognosis. ABCG2 has the potential to become a new target for HCC treatment.     

β-内酰胺类抗生素在胆汁中的浓度和药动学的实验研究

Objective To study the concentrations and pharmacokinetics of beta-lactams antibi-otics in rabbit bile and evaluate their microbicidal potential to present theoretical evidence and reference for choosing effective antibiotics for the prevention and therapy of hepatobiliary infection. Methods After anesthesia, the common bile duct of rabbits was isolated and cannulated with a silicone tube. The rabbits were administered intravenously with the equal-effect dose of beta-lactams antibiotics. Bile (1.5 ml) was collected at the time of 0. 25,0.5,0. 75,1,1.5,2,3,4,6,8 h after administration and as-sayed by HPLC. The bile drug concentration-time data were processed by software to figure out the pharmacokinetic parameters such as maximum concentration (Cmax), peak time (Tmax), half-life time (T1/2), clearance (CL) and apparent volume of distribution (VD). The bile antibiotics concen-tration contrasted to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and attained the bactericidal index (Cmax/MIC) and the time the drug concentration exceeded the MIC (TMIC) to evaluate microbicidal potential of the antibiotics in bile. Results The Cmax and T1/2 of each antibiotic were as follow: pip-eracillin (7950.16±3023.00)μg/ml and (1.97±1.23) h, ceftriaxone (1107.01±247.61)μg/ml and (3.14±0. 57)h,meropenem (31.97±12.44)μg/ml and (0. 36±0. 11)h. Piperacillin/tazobactam had the largest bactericidal index and the longest TMIC, and it can form 100 times of concentration than the MIC90 of the common pathogens in bile. Also its TMIC maintained 5～8 h. The bactericidal index and TMIC of ceftriaxone and meropenem were smaller as contrasted to the former. Conclusions The bile concentrations of three antibiotics all exceed their effective bactericidal concentrations. Piperacil-lin/tazobactam has the largest bactericidal index and the longest TMIC, so it can be of the first choice for the therapy in hepatobiliary infection.     

术前胆道引流对肝门部胆管癌手术并发症的影响

但不能降低术后并发症发生率和住院病死率.Bismuth-Corlette分型、是否合并肝切除是预测患者术后风险的重要因素.     

转化生长因子-β/Smads信号通路在奥曲肽抑制大鼠肝癌形成中的作用

目的 观察转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)/Smads信号通路在生长抑素类似物奥曲肽(OCT)抑制大鼠肝癌形成中的作用.方法 用二乙基亚硝胺溶液(DENA)诱导大鼠肝癌模型,动物分为OCT治疗组和对照组两组,观察两组大鼠存活情况和肝癌发生率,并用免疫组织化学的方法检测肝癌诱导不同时期磷酸化Smad2、Smad4蛋白的表达,半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测Smad4 mRNA的表达.结果 OCT组大鼠的存活率70.0%(7/10)明显高于对照组30.0%(6/20,P<0.05);DENA喂养16周时,OCT组大鼠的肝癌发生为0只(0/10),对照组为6只(6/20),但两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);DENA喂养22周时,OCT组肝癌的发生(2/9)显著低于对照组(10/12,P<0.01).正常细胞时Smad4很少表达,随着肝硬化的发展,表达明显增强,但DENA喂养22周时肝组织Smad4表达明显下降,肝癌的表达显著低于周边组织(P<0.05);磷酸化Smad2的表达可见于正常肝细胞,但诱癌8周时表达明显减少,16、22周时又恢复至正常水平,但肿瘤内表达明显减少;OCT的治疗组诱癌22周的Smad4蛋白和mRNA的表达均显著高于对照组,而磷酸化Smad2的表达两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 Smad4和磷酸化Smad2表达的减少与肝癌的发生关系密切.OCT能有效抑制大鼠肝癌形成,Smad4表达的调节可能是OCT发挥抑癌作用的机制之一.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除致胆道损伤26例分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜抻囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)致胆管损伤的原因、类型、临床表现、诊断及处理原则. 方法回顾性分析1997-2007年收治的26例LC致胆管损伤的临床资料.结果 胆管损伤Ⅰ型5例、Ⅱ型13例、Ⅲ型2例、Ⅳ型6例;3例术中发现胆管损伤并中转开腹,23例术后发现胆管损伤,其中13例为LC术后1周内发现,8例为术后20～60 d发现,2例在术后2年表现反复胆管炎发作的症状;24例接受介入治疗,其中5例获得治愈,19例在胆管炎和黄疸控制后获得手术;切除毁损胆管20例,行肝总管或左右肝管的胆肠吻合术.结论 胆道损伤是严重的LC术后并发症,应高度警惕.合理运用介入或手术的方法及时进行必要的胆管内支撑和通畅的胆汁外引流,应避免再次医源性损伤和修补术后胆道再狭窄.