155 vascular injuries: a retrospective study in Kuwait, 1992-2000.

OBJECTIVES: To audit the management of vascular trauma in Kuwait, 1992-2000. DESIGN: Retrospective open study. SETTING: Vascular surgery unit, teaching hospital, Kuwait. SUBJECTS: 155 patients with vascular injuries, most of which (n = 118) involved the extremities. 21 had neck injuries, 10 abdominal, and 6 chest. INTERVENTION: Revascularisation usually using the long saphenous vein in addition to direct repair or end-to-end anastomosis. MAIN OUTCOME: Morbidity (amputation) and mortality. RESULTS: Four lower limb grafts failed, two of which (2/69, 3%) required amputation. Overall, four patients died (3%), one of pulmonary embolism and 3 of severe injuries to major abdominal vessels. 3/10 patients with abdominal vascular trauma died. Mean (SD) follow up period was 4.4 (2) years. CONCLUSIONS: Civilian violence has increased in Kuwait. Vascular trauma to abdominal vessels is associated with high mortality. Autogenous saphenous vein forms an excellent conduit for revascularisation.     

Rapid detection and quantitation of hepatitis B virus DNA by real-time PCR using a new fluorescent (FRET) detection system.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has until recently been based on traditional serologic methods targeting viral antigens and antibodies to viral proteins. The development of molecular methods allowing for the quantitation of HBV DNA is proving clinically valuable for monitoring therapy and detecting early treatment failures. OBJECTIVES: Here we report a new real-time (LightCycler) quantitative PCR for the detection of HBV DNA based on sequence specific hybridisation probes (designed in-house), targeting the HBV surface antigen. STUDY DESIGN: The assay was evaluated using a 10-fold dilution series of standard HBV DNA [Eurohep standard reference 1, genotype A, HBsAg subtype adw with a unitage of 10(6) WHO. i.u./ml] and 89 clinical serum samples. The performance was measured against a quantified standard HBV DNA working reagent (NIBSC code 98/780) and the sensitivity compared with our conventional thermal-block PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Real-time PCR detected HBV DNA in 45% (40/89) and thermal-block PCR in 16% (14/75) of clinical samples. Results for 26 samples were below the detection limit of the thermal-block PCR but could be quantified by real-time (LightCycler) PCR. The LightCycler assay was at least 5 logs more sensitive than thermal-block PCR and could detect HBV in a linear range between 5 and 10(7) i.u. per reaction. The broad generic nature of the PCR primers coupled with the enhanced sensitivity and specificity of the fluorescent hybridisation probes makes this assay potentially valuable for both routine diagnostic and epidemiological work.     

ASSOCIATION OF MHC CLASS I WITH SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES IN KUWAIT

This study is the first to assess the prevalence of HLA B27 in Kuwaiti patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or related spondyloarthropathies compared to healthy controls. Positive HLA B27 was found in nine (25.7%) of 35 patients, but only in 22 (4%) of 544 controls (P = 0.000). A significant difference in Cw2 and Cw6 between patients and controls was also found (P < 0.01 and 0.000, respectively), suggesting a linkage disequilibrium between B27 and Cw2 (P < 0.000) in the Kuwaiti population. These findings suggest that B27-positive Kuwaitis are at high risk of developing AS and spondyloarthropathies, especially if they carry Cw2 and Cw6. The importance of HLA Cw loci is becoming increasingly apparent in disease association studies.     

Rapid discrimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.

Investigations of the epidemiology of tuberculosis have been hampered by the lack of strain-specific markers that can be used to differentiate isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We report the development of a rapid protocol for random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis which included the use of a commercially available DNA extraction kit (GeneReleaser). This was applied to 14 strains of M. tuberculosis, including strains associated with temporal and geographical clusters of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom and those from India, Africa, and Saudi Arabia. Strains of M. tuberculosis could be discriminated in about 8 h by this method, which is therefore a rapid and simple alternative to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.     

Ring chromosome 8 syndrome: further characterization

We describe two de novo cases of extra r(8) confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Based on these two and eight additional cases of extra r(8) confirmed by FISH, the phenotype is better documented. One of our patients had minor facial anomalies, near-normal growth, and neurological development. She had a ring in each cell analyzed. The second had minor craniofacial anomalies and growth and mental retardation. He had a small or double-sized ring in each cell. The phenotype of these 10 cases ranges from almost normal in an adult with 10% mosaicism to variable degrees of minor anomalies, growth retardation, and mental retardation overlapping the mosaic +8 syndrome.     

Determination of an Acceptable Portion Size of Daal for a Bangladeshi Community-Based Iron Intervention in Adolescent Girls: A Feasibility Study

Widely consumed daal (lentils) in Bangladesh are an ideal vehicle for iron (Fe) fortification; however, an acceptable portion size in meals needs to be determined to carry out a community feeding study in at-risk adolescent girls. A non-randomized crossover trial was conducted with n = 100 Bangladeshi girls (12.9 ± 2.0 years of age). Two recipes (thin and thick) and three portion sizes (25 g, 37.5 g, 50 g of raw lentil) of daal were served with 250 g of cooked white rice in a counter-balanced manner over 12 weeks. Each meal was fed to participants 5 days/week for two weeks. Ratings of hunger, satiety, and palatability were measured before and after each meal using Visual Analog Scales (VAS). The thick preparation in the 37.5 g portion (~200 g cooked) elicited higher VAS ratings of hunger, satiety, and palatability compared to all other meals. The 50 g portion of the thin preparation had VAS ratings similar to those of the 37.5 g thick preparation. Consuming the 37.5 g portion of fortified daal would provide 6.9 mg Fe/day to girls in a community-based effectiveness study. This would meet ~86% and ~46% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Fe for girls aged 9–13 and 14–18 years, respectively.