Priming sentence comprehension in aphasia: effects of lexically independent and specific structural priming

Background & Aims: Impaired message-structure mapping results in deficits in both sentence production and comprehension in aphasia. Structural priming has been shown to facilitate syntactic production for persons with aphasia (PWA). However, it remains unknown if structural priming is also effective in sentence comprehension. We examined if PWA show preserved and lasting structural priming effects during interpretation of syntactically ambiguous sentences and if the priming effects occur independently of or in conjunction with lexical (verb) information.

Methods & Procedures: Eighteen PWA and 20 healthy older adults (HOA) completed a written sentence-picture matching task involving the interpretation of prepositional phrases (PP; the chef is poking the solider with an umbrella) that were ambiguous between high (verb modifier) and low attachment (object noun modifier). Only one interpretation was possible for prime sentences, while both interpretations were possible for target sentences. In Experiment 1, the target was presented immediately after the prime (0-lag). In Experiment 2, two filler items intervened between the prime and the target (2-lag). Within each experiment, the verb was repeated for half of the prime-target pairs, while different verbs were used for the other half. Participants’ off-line picture matching choices and response times were measured.

Results: After reading a prime sentence with a particular interpretation, HOA and PWA tended to interpret an ambiguous PP in a target sentence in the same way and with faster response times. Importantly, both groups continued to show this priming effect over a lag (Experiment 2), although the effect was not as reliable in response times. However, neither group showed lexical (verb-specific) boost on priming, deviating from robust lexical boost seen in the young adults of prior studies.

Conclusions: PWA demonstrate abstract (lexically-independent) structural priming in the absence of a lexically-specific boost. Abstract priming is preserved in aphasia, effectively facilitating not only immediate but also longer-lasting structure-message mapping during sentence comprehension.     

Locally applied cilostazol suppresses neointimal hyperplasia and medial thickening in a vein graft model.

BACKGROUND: Pathological changes in vein grafts begin immediately after arterial circulation is applied to the grafts. Chemical mediator stimulation and mechanical strain induce neointimal hyperplasia and medial thickening of the vein grafts, resulting in their failure. We investigated the inhibitory effect of locally applied cilostazol, an inhibitor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase III, on neointimal hyperplasia and medial thickening of the grafts. METHODS AND RESULTS: We established a distal anastomotic stricture model of femoral vein-abdominal aorta interposition grafting in rats. In this model, neointimal hyperplasia was observed not only at the distal anastomotic sites, but also in the graft body at postoperative day 14 and was markedly progressed at day 28. A strong expression of tenascin-C was found in the media and neointima of the graft body. In the grafts around which cilostazol was administered locally using Pluronic gel, neointimal hyperplasia was significantly suppressed compared with control grafts treated with the gel alone, with the mean neointimal cross-sectional area reduced by 87.1% for the graft body and by 78.9% for the distal anastomotic sites and mean medial cross-sectional area of the graft body reduced by 54.2% at day 28 versus the control. Cilostazol treatment decreased cell proliferation and the number of tenascin-C-producing cells seen by in situ hybridization, but the expression of tenascin-C protein was not suppressed. CONCLUSION: We concluded that a single perivascular application of cilostazol inhibits neointimal hyperplasia and medial thickening of vein grafts in a rat model.     

Invasion of the intracranial space by a malignant odontogenic mixed tumor: Report of a case

A case of an odontogenic tumor which invaded the intracranial space from the mandible is reported. Judging from the radiographic images it was similar to a malignant tumor. The patient died 17 years after the first visit. According to the final pathological diagnosis, it was malignant odontogenic mixed tumor of low grade which did not belong to any of the WHO classification.     

Influence of ouabain on the tracheal musculature of the dog

The effects of ouabain on the smooth muscles of the airway were investigated in anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated mongrel dogs. Ouabain (30 micrograms/kg, i.v.) caused a constriction of the tracheal smooth muscle which was followed by bradycardia. When ouabain was infused at a rate of 2 micrograms/kg/min (i.v.), the tracheal constriction was induced by a total dose of 45.0 +/- 5.5 micrograms/kg, while the bradycardia appeared with a total dose of 54.4 +/- 6.1 micrograms/kg. The ouabain-induced tracheal constriction was inhibited by bilateral vagotomy. The tracheal constriction induced by i.a. infusion of 10 microM ouabain into the bilateral cranial thyroid arteries was inhibited by bilateral vagotomy, but it was not completely blocked. With bilateral vagotomy, the tracheal constriction induced by i.a. infusion of ouabain was unaffected by 3 microM hexamethonium, but it was significantly inhibited by 1 microM atropine. These results suggest that ouabain may induce tracheal constriction by a neurogenic action in addition to its action via the augmentation of the vagal reflex, and the neurogenic action of ouabain may be related, in large part, to the release of acetylcholine from the presynapses of vagus nerves in dogs.     

Early and midterm results of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries in Japan

A total of 267 infants and children who underwent the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries in the 6 years before Jan. 1, 1988 in six main Japanese institutions were entered into this review. The current status of patients surviving more than 1 year after the operation were evaluated along with early operative results. One hundred forty-six patients had an intact ventricular septum, 103 had a significant ventricular septal defect, and 18 had so-called Taussig-Bing anomaly of the transposition type. Eighteen patients were less than 28 days of age, 73 were 1 to 5 months of age, and 176 were older than 6 months of age at the time of operation. The overall mortality rate was 35% in the first 3 years and 12% in the more recent 3 years. There was a significant difference between the overall mortality rate of primary and two-stage repair (22% versus 10%, p = 0.047) in patients with intact ventricular septum. The overall mortality rate in patients with type B or C coronary arteries of Yacoub, and Radley-Smith's classification was significantly higher than that of other types of arteries (86% versus 18%, p = 0.0001). A total of 156 patients survived more than 1 year after the operation, and 44 children (28%) were noted to have supravalvular pulmonary stenosis (greater than 20 mm Hg). This complication was more common in patients operated on in the newborn period. Trivial or mild aortic regurgitation was noted in 29 patients (19%) and was more common in patients with two-stage than with primary repair (24% versus 14%). Aortic regurgitation was significantly more prevalent in patients in whom coronary arteries were implanted into slits or U-shaped defects than in those whose arteries were implanted into punched-out holes made on the pulmonary root (28% versus 8%, p = 0.049). Normal sinus rhythm was present in 97% of 154 patients and left ventricular ejection fraction was within the normal range in 97% of 115 patients at catheterization 1 to 5 months after the operation.     

Nevus Lipomatosus Cutaneous Superficialis of the Clitoris

BACKGROUND: Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis (NLCS) is a relatively rare condition. Although NLCS can affect any region of the entire body, no case of NLCS in the clitoris has ever been reported. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of NLCS of the clitoris that presented manifestations that were similar to female pseudohermaphrodism. METHODS: This is a case report and review of the literature. RESULTS: A congenital, soft, skin-colored lesion of the clitoris in a 1-year-old girl resembled female pseudohermaphrodism. It was resected, and the histologic diagnosis was NLCS. Postoperatively, there was no subsequent change in the lesion during the 3-year follow-up period. CONCLUSION: We reported a case of congenital solitary NLCS of the clitoris. Although NLCS might be a relatively rare condition, we should consider it in the differential diagnosis of female pseudohermaphrodism.     

Effects of dietary restriction on age-related immune dysfunction in the senescence accelerated mouse (SAM)

The effects of age and dietary restriction on immune response were investigated using an animal model of accelerated senescence (senescence accelerated mouse, SAM). The experimental groups consisted of control (ad libitum fed) and restricted groups (fed 60% of energy intake of the controls). Spleen weight and total number of splenic cells were significantly lower in the food-restricted group at 8 mo of age. Percentages of T (Thy-1.1+) and B (surface Ig+) cells in the splenic cells were not significantly different between the two groups. The number of direct hemolytic plaque-forming cells per 10(6) spleen cells 4 d following immunization with sheep red blood cells and dinitrophenyl-Ficoll was significantly greater in the 8-mo-old mice in the food-restricted group than in the control group. In the latter group, antibody responses Progressively decreased with age. Mitogen responses to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide were maintained in the food-restricted group but were depressed in the control group at 8 mo. In addition, though autoantibody to single-stranded DNA increased in the control group with advancing age, there was a steady decrease in the food-restricted group until 8 mo. Serum immunoglobulin (IgA and IgM) concentrations were significantly lower in the food-restricted group than in controls at 8 mo of age. Therefore, our results suggest that when senescence accelerated mice are subjected to food restriction, there may be a modulatory effect on the immune dysfunction associated with advancing age.     

Inhibitory reflex during bronchoconstrictions induced by histamine and Ascaris suum antigen.

We investigated the involvements of sympathetic and nonadrenergic nervous systems in the inhibitory reflex following bronchoconstriction in dogs. Inhalations of a 0.00125% solution of histamine and Ascaris suum antigen (3 mg protein) to the bronchial side induced reflex tracheal constriction following bronchoconstriction. An intra-arterial infusion of 5 micrograms/min of atropine to the tracheal site changed the reflex tracheal constrictions by histamine and antigen inhalations into tracheal dilatations. The reflex tracheal dilatations were abolished by the combination of intra-arterial propranolol (100 micrograms) and transections of both the bilateral superior laryngeal nerves and the spinal cord at the C1 level. The reflex tracheal constrictions induced by histamine and antigen inhalations were increased with 100 micrograms propranolol. Furthermore, the reflex tracheal constrictions were enhanced by the combination of 100 micrograms propranolol and transection of the spinal cord. These findings indicate that during the constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle, not only a reflex tracheal constriction mechanism but also one of reflex dilatation operates and that the latter reflex response may be mainly mediated by the sympathetic nerves, with partial involvement of the nonadrenergic nerves. This inhibitory reflex may attenuate asthmatic bronchoconstriction.     

Effects of naloxone on the cough depressant activities of antitussive drugs

Effects of naloxone on the cough depressant action of antitussive drugs were investigated in pentobarbital anesthetized male and female cats. Respiration and cough reflex were measured using a pneumotachograph via a cannula inserted into the trachea. The cough reflex was elicited by electrical stimuli to the superior laryngeal nerve. An i.v. administration of morphine (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the cough reflex for at least 60 min. The antitussive effect of morphine was antagonized by naloxone (400 micrograms/kg). The inhibitory effect of morphine on the respiratory frequency was also antagonized by naloxone. The cough reflex was significantly inhibited by fominoben (5 mg/kg, i.v.) and dextromethorphan (3 mg/kg, i.v.). However, the respiratory frequency was increased by these two drugs. An i.v. administration of naloxone prevented the antitussive effects and the excitatory effects in respiratory frequency of fominoben and dextromethorphan. The present study suggests that the cough depressant actions of antitussive drugs may be mediated by endogenous opiates and/or by neurotransmitters which are modified by endogenous opiates.