Optimization of a ham formulation

The functionality of a ham formulation was examined with respect to variation in both blend and amount of added ingredients. This allowed the determination of how the individual attributes: cooking loss, syneresis and gel strength, changed in response to ingredient addition. Optimizing the ingredient proportions and addition level that determined acceptable functionality was addressed using a method that took account of how cooking loss, syneresis and gel strength change over the blend/amount region. the optimization led to the identification of a suitable formulation. the more general problem of how best to identify an optimum in food systems when faced with differing units of measurement and differing ranges of individual response is discussed by examining specialized distance measures, or metrics. By allowing the performance of the food system to be monitored these allow a compromise to be determined between possibly conflicting optimal values on individual responses.     

Flotation Kinetics

Abstract

The physical variables that influence the rate of flotation are examined. The probabilistic model of flotation is used to establish the effect of the particle si2e and density, bubble size and agitation on the rate of flotation

In quiescent flotation, it appears that the flotation rate is limited by the particle-bubble collision and subsequent attachment of the particle to the bubble. For fine (<20 μm) or low density particles the remedy for low recovery rates would be to either use small bubbles of the order of 100 μm, or to use moderate to high agitation with larger bubbles

In the usual turbulent conditions, the limit is set by the destruction of the bubble-particle aggregates. Broadly speaking, the same parameters favour both attachment and detachment so that the ultimate flotation rate is a compromise between these two competing mechanisms

The bounds which define the best agitation level and bubble size to use are strong functions of the particle size and density. This results in conflicting requirements for the optimum flotation of the fine and the coarse particles. Best conditions for the flotation of each are indicated.     

Architectural Benevolent Builders (ABB): A global system automating integration of structured and semistructured sources

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