"What is in a word? No versus Yes differentially engage the lateral orbitofrontal cortex": Correction.

Reports an error in "What is in a word? No versus Yes differentially engage the lateral orbitofrontal cortex" by Nelly Alia-Klein, Rita Z. Goldstein, Dardo Tomasi, Lei Zhang, Stephanie Fagin-Jones, Frank Telang, Gene-Jack Wang, Joanna S. Fowler and Nora D. Volkow (Emotion, 2007[Aug], Vol 7[3], 649-659). The supplemental materials link should appear as follows: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.649.supp. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2007-11660-018.) The words "No" and "Yes" are involved in conditioning to prohibit or encourage behavior, respectively. The authors, therefore, hypothesized that these words would be attributed to endogenous valence, activating neuronal circuits involved with valence and emotional control. Functional MRI (fMRI) at 4 Tesla was used to record regional brain activity while participants were exposed to emphatic vocalizations of the words. Results showed that No and Yes were associated with opposite brain-behavior responses; while No was negatively valenced, produced slower response times, and evoked a negative signal in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), Yes was positively valenced, produced faster response times, and evoked a positive signal in a contiguous region of the OFC. Attribution of negative valence to No and trait anger control were associated with increased responsivity of the OFC to No. Inasmuch as sensitivity to the prohibitive command No develops during childhood through interaction with primary caregivers as the first social objects, our findings may implicate the lateral OFC in the neurobiology of emotion regulation and subsequent social development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Alternative measures of pesticide use

tRNA (m5U54)-methyltransferase (RUMT) catalyzes the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation of uridine-54 in the T psi C-loop of all transfer RNAs in E. coli to form the 54-ribosylthymine residue. However, in all tRNA structures, residue 54 is completely buried and the question arises as to how RUMT gains access to the methylation site. A 17-mer RNA hairpin consisting of nucleotides 49-65 of the T psi-loop is a substrate for RUMT. Homonuclear NMR methods in conjunction with restrained molecular dynamics (MD) methods were used to determine the solution structure of the 17-mer T-arm fragment. The loop of the hairpin exhibits enhanced flexibility which renders the conventional NMR average structure less useful compared to the more commonly found situation where a molecule exists in predominantly one major conformation. However, when resorting to softer refinement methods such as MD with time-averaged restraints, the conflicting restraints in the loop can be satisfied much better. The dynamic structure of the T-arm is represented as an ensemble of 10 time-clusters. In all of these, U54 is completely exposed. The flexibility of the T psi-loop in solution in conjunction with extensive binding studies of RUMT with the T psi C-loop and tRNA suggest that the specificity of the RUMT/ tRNA recognition is associated with tRNA tertiary structure elements. For the methylation, RUMT would simply have to break the tertiary interactions between the D- and T-loops, leading to a melting of the T-arm structure and making U54 available for methylation.     

Neurologic evaluation of the equine head and neurogenic dysphagia

Neurologic evaluation should be performed in horses with diseases of the head. Although neurologic examination should focus on assessing behavior, mental status, and cranial nerve evaluation, evaluation of neurologic function of other body regions should be performed. Neurologic evaluation of the head can be performed expediently by practitioners to provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information. The numerous causes of dysphagia can be classified as obstructive, painful, or neurogenic. Common causes of neurogenic dysphagia are summarized, and methods for initial diagnosis and management are described. Maintaining adequate nutrition and preventing aspiration pneumonia are principal concerns in managing horses with neurogenic dysphagia.     

Elucidation of mitochondrial effects by tetrahydroaminoacridine (tacrine) in rat, dog, monkey and human hepatic parenchymal cells

Tetrahydroaminoacridine (tacrine) causes morphological and functional changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and mitochondria in the liver of humans and animals. In order to investigate species differences as well as to understand the morphological changes, we examined the effects of tacrine on respiration and electron transport in mitochondria isolated from rat, dog, monkey, and human liver. Tacrine produced significantly decreased respiratory control ratios (RCR) in all species at concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 microg/ml. Human mitochondria were more sensitive to tacrine effects with RCR decreased 24% at 5 microg/ml while other species were unaffected at this concentration. The tacrine effects were characterized by increased hepatic mitochondrial State 4 respiration in rats and decreased State 3 respiration in humans. Mitochondria from aged rats were more sensitive to the effects of tacrine than mitochondria from young animals, with significantly decreased RCR at 10 microg/ml in aged rats while mitochondria from young rats were unaffected at this concentration. Concomitant with the respiratory changes, mitochondrial DNA synthesis was impaired. Since tacrine undergoes extensive biotransformation, we also explored the possibility that metabolites could exert detrimental effects. The ranking order of potency for decreasing RCR caused by monohydroxylated metabolites was: tacrine > 4-OH and 7-OH > 2-OH, 1-OH, and velnacrine with the latter group of metabolites having no effect on mitochondrial respiration at concentrations up to 50 microg/ml. In vivo administration of 20 mg/kg tacrine to rats for up to 20 days caused a paradoxical increase in RCR and P/O on Day 1 and decreased RCR on Days 9 and 20, the later findings being consistent with in vitro data. From these data we propose that tacrine does not necessarily have to be metabolized to exert effects on mitochondria at different sites in the electron transport chain that differ among species. These effects are exacerbated in mitochondria from older animals and humans appear to be more sensitive than the laboratory animals studied.     

Three-dimensional anatomical model-based segmentation of MR brainimages through principal axes registration

Model-based segmentation and analysis of brain images depends on anatomical knowledge which may be derived from conventional atlases. Classical anatomical atlases are based on the rigid spatial distribution provided by a single cadaver. Their use to segment internal anatomical brain structures in a high-resolution MR brain image does not provide any knowledge about the subject variability, and therefore they are not very efficient in analysis. The authors present a method to develop three-dimensional computerized composite models of brain structures to build a computerized anatomical atlas. The composite models are developed using the real MR brain images of human subjects which are registered through the principal axes transformation. The composite models provide probabilistic spatial distributions, which represent the variability of brain structures and can be easily updated for additional subjects. The authors demonstrate the use of such a composite model of ventricular structure to help segmentation of the ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid of MR brain images. Here, a composite model of ventricles using a set of 22 human subjects is developed and used in a model-based segmentation of ventricles, sulci, and white matter lesions. To illustrate the clinical usefulness, automatic volumetric measurements on ventricular size and cortical atrophy for an additional eight alcoholics and 10 normal subjects were made. The volumetric quantitative results indicated regional brain atrophy in chronic alcoholics     

Lingual ischemia following tongue entrapment in a glass bottle

A 10-year-old, previously healthy female presented to the emergency department via emergency medical service transport, with her tongue tightly entrapped inside a glass bottle (9 oz, Yoohoo brand of chocolate drink). The tongue was massively edematous and ecchymotic due to impaired venous return from constriction by the neck of the bottle. After repeated attempts at mechanically reducing the tongue out of the bottle, a professional glazier was contacted, who was able to remove the bottle in the operating room with a steel glass cutter. Needle evacuation of a small hematoma was then performed to decrease the pressure ischemia to the tongue, which began to improve quickly.