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The sandwich composites fuselages appear to be a promising choice for the future aircrafts because of their structural efficiency and functional integration advantages. However, the design of sandwich composites is more complex than other structures because of many involved variables. In this paper, the fuselage is designed as a sandwich composites cylinder, and its structural optimization using the finite element method (FEM) is outlined to obtain the minimum weight. The constraints include structural stability and the composites failure criteria. In order to get a verification baseline for the FEM analysis, the stability of sandwich structures is studied and the optimal design is performed based on the analytical formulae. Then, the predicted buckling loads and the optimization results obtained from a FEM model are compared with that from the analytical formulas, and a good agreement is achieved. A detailed parametric optimal design for the sandwich composites cylinder is conducted. The optimization method used here includes two steps: the minimization of the layer thickness followed by tailoring of the fiber orientation. The factors comprise layer number, fiber orientation, core thickness, frame dimension and spacing. Results show that the two-step optimization is an effective method for the sandwich composites and the foam sandwich cylinder with core thickness of 5 mm and frame pitch of 0.5 m exhibits the minimum weight.  相似文献   
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Silver nanoparticles (nanosilver) are broadly used today in textiles, food packaging, household devices and bioapplications, prompting a better understanding of their toxicity and biological interactions. In particular, the cytotoxicity of nanosilver with respect to mammalian cells remains unclear, because such investigations can be biased by the nanosilver coatings and the lack of particle size control. Here, nanosilver of well‐defined size (5.7 to 20.4 nm) supported on inert nanostructured silica is produced using flame aerosol technology. The cytotoxicity of the prepared nanosilver with respect to murine macrophages is assessed in vitro because these cells are among the first to confront nanosilver upon its intake by mammals. The silica support facilitates the dispersion and stabilization of the prepared nanosilver in biological suspensions, and no other coating or functionalization is applied that could interfere with the biointeractions of nanosilver. Detailed characterization of the particles by X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy reveals that the size of the nanosilver is well controlled. Smaller nanosilver particles release or leach larger fractions of their mass as Ag+ ions upon dispersion in water. This strongly influences the cytotoxicity of the nanosilver when incubated with murine macrophages. The size of the nanosilver dictates its mode of cytotoxicity (Ag+ ion‐specific and/or particle‐specific). The toxicity of small nanosilver (<10 nm) is mostly mediated by the released Ag+ ions. The influence of such ions on the toxicity of nanosilver decreases with increasing nanosilver size (>10 nm). Direct silver nanoparticle–macrophage interactions dominate the nanosilver toxicity at sizes larger than 10 nm.  相似文献   
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A high speed water and liquid lithium (Li) flow is computed over the IPPE geometry to evaluate the performance of different turbulence models in 2D and 3D simulations. Results reported are the thickness of the liquid jet, irregularities in the surface, transient phenomena at the wall which can affect fluid surface and effect of the variation in bulk velocity on these quantities. All models show good near wall resolution of the boundary layer and expected profiles for the free surface flow. Predicted turbulent kinetic energy compare well with published data. Fluctuations of the flow surface at the control location (center of the curved section) and elsewhere are well within 1 mm for all models. However it was observed that the predictions are strongly dependent on the model used. Overall, the predictions of RANS models are close to each other whereas predictions of laminar simulations are close to those obtained with LES models.  相似文献   
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Flame-assisted spray pyrolysis (FASP) is a versatile process for synthesis of nanoparticles from a broad choice of precursors and solvents. Water is an attractive solvent particularly for inexpensive inorganic precursors (e.g. metal nitrates) as it can effectively reduce the process cost. Furthermore when water usage is combined with a carbon-free fuel (e.g. H2), nanoparticles can be made without forming CO2. Here such a FASP process is explored for synthesis of Bi2O3 and other oxide nanoparticles from aqueous precursor solutions. The flame temperature was measured by FTIR emission–transmission spectroscopy while powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction and N2 adsorption. At low FASP fuel gas (H2 or C2H2) flow rates or process temperatures, product powders had a bimodal crystal size distribution. Its large and small modes were made by droplet- and gas-to-particle conversion, respectively. Homogeneous Bi2O3 and CeO2 powders were obtained for sufficiently high flow rates of either C2H2 or H2. Prolonged high temperature residence times promoted precursor evaporation from the spray droplets and yielded homogeneous nanostructured powders by gas-to-particle conversion. In contrast, FASP of aqueous solutions of aluminum nitrate yielded rather large particles by droplet-to-particle conversion at all fuel flows investigated.  相似文献   
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We consider sensor networks where the sensor nodes are attached on entities that move in a highly dynamic, heterogeneous manner. To capture this mobility diversity we introduce a new network parameter, the direction-aware mobility level, which measures how fast and close each mobile node is expected to get to the data destination (the sink). We then provide local, distributed data dissemination protocols that adaptively exploit the node mobility to improve performance. In particular, “high” mobility is used as a low cost replacement for data dissemination (due to the ferrying of data), while in the case of “low” mobility either (a) data propagation redundancy is increased (when highly mobile neighbors exist) or (b) long-distance data transmissions are used (when the entire neighborhood is of low mobility) to accelerate data dissemination toward the sink. An extensive performance comparison to relevant methods from the state of the art demonstrates significant improvements, i.e. latency is reduced by even four times while keeping energy dissipation and delivery success at very satisfactory levels.  相似文献   
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This paper studies the data gathering problem in wireless networks, where data generated at the nodes has to be collected at a single sink. We investigate the relationship between routing optimality and fair resource management. In particular, we prove that for energy-balanced data propagation, Pareto optimal routing and flow maximization are equivalent, and also prove that flow maximization is equivalent to maximizing the network lifetime. We algebraically characterize the network structures in which energy-balanced data flows are maximal. Moreover, we algebraically characterize communication links which are not used by an optimal flow. This leads to the characterization of minimal network structures supporting the maximal flows.We note that energy-balance, although implying global optimality, is a local property that can be computed efficiently and in a distributed manner. We suggest online distributed algorithms for energy-balance in different optimal network structures and numerically show their stability in particular setting. We remark that although the results obtained in this paper have a direct consequence in energy saving for wireless networks they do not limit themselves to this type of networks neither to energy as a resource. As a matter of fact, the results are much more general and can be used for any type of network and different types of resources.  相似文献   
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