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There is an increased interest in secondary plant metabolites, such as polyphenols and carotenoids, due to their proposed health benefits. Much attention has focused on their bioavailability, a prerequisite for further physiological functions. As human studies are time consuming, costly, and restricted by ethical concerns, in vitro models for investigating the effects of digestion on these compounds have been developed and employed to predict their release from the food matrix, bioaccessibility, and assess changes in their profiles prior to absorption. Most typically, models simulate digestion in the oral cavity, the stomach, the small intestine, and, occasionally, the large intestine. A plethora of models have been reported, the choice mostly driven by the type of phytochemical studied, whether the purpose is screening or studying under close physiological conditions, and the availability of the model systems. Unfortunately, the diversity of model conditions has hampered the ability to compare results across different studies. For example, there is substantial variability in the time of digestion, concentrations of salts, enzymes, and bile acids used, pH, the inclusion of various digestion stages; and whether chosen conditions are static (with fixed concentrations of enzymes, bile salts, digesta, and so on) or dynamic (varying concentrations of these constituents). This review presents an overview of models that have been employed to study the digestion of both lipophilic and hydrophilic phytochemicals, comparing digestive conditions in vitro and in vivo and, finally, suggests a set of parameters for static models that resemble physiological conditions.  相似文献   
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BACKGROUND: The development of polymeric nanocomposites incorporating intercalated or exfoliated layered silicate clays into the organic matrix has been substantially motivated by the significant improvements induced by the presence of the inorganic component. Moreover, understanding and controlling the dispersion of inorganic layers into segmented polyurethane matrices by means of ionic interactions, and exploiting these interactions to enhance physicomechanical behaviour, could be of great interest in the field of polymer nanocomposites. RESULTS: New cationic polyurethane elastomers were prepared starting from poly(butylene adipate)diol (Mn = 1000 g mol?1), 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1,4‐butanediol and N‐methyldiethanolamine or N,N′‐β‐hydroxyethylpiperazine, used as potential quaternizable moieties. The characterization of the polymers was achieved using specific analyses employed for the macromolecular samples (Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gel permeation chromatography). An extension of our research on polymers reinforced with organically modified montmorillonite (OM‐MMT) in order to prepare hybrid composites with improved properties was performed and the resulting materials were characterized using TGA, X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Also, the mechanical properties of the cationic polyurethane/OM‐MMT composites were investigated in comparison with the pristine ionic/non‐ionic polymers and their composites containing non‐ionic polymer blended with OM‐MMT or ionic polymer and unmodified MMT. CONCLUSION: The insertion of the organically modified clay into the polymeric matrix gave an improvement of the mechanical properties of the polyurethane composites, especially the tensile strength and stiffness of the hybrid materials. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
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The paper discusses the synthesis of the N,N,′-azobis(formamidopropionic) acid (AFP), along with some characteristics determined from NMR spectrum, differential thermal analysis, and DSC. The behavior of AFP acid—as well as of its analogue, N,N′-azobis(formamidoacetic) acid (AFA)—has been studied in the reaction with aromatic diamine and with bis(glycol)terephthalate, leading to azopolymers of the azopolyamide, or azopolyester, type. On employing N,N′-bis(β-hydroxyethyl) azobis-formamide (HEAF) as the azo bifunctional compound in the reaction with diphenylmethane diisocyanate, a polyurethane possessing azo groups was obtained. The structure of the azopolymers has been spectroscopically confirmed.  相似文献   
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This paper presents a diffusional system consisting of tolazoline hydrochloride included into a carboxymethylcellulose based hydrogel, showing a high swelling capacity in water. The process kinetics of the drug inclusion into hydrogel as well as of the drug releasing have been studied. The tolazoline hydrochloride release was performed by elution with a simulated biological fluid within the digestive tract, at the small intestine level (pH = 8.2) where the drug is mostly absorbed. The results make evident a zero-order kinetics over the 30–400 min range, which would place the system among those with ‘sustained’ release, with obvious advantages compared with the classical drug administration.  相似文献   
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Hsp90, an abundant heat shock protein that is highly expressed even under physiological conditions, is involved in the folding of key molecules of the cellular signal transduction system such as kinases and steroid receptors. It seems to contain two chaperone sites differing in substrate specificity. Binding of ATP or the antitumor drug geldanamycin alters the substrate affinity of the N-terminal chaperone site, whereas both substances show no influence on the C-terminal one. In wild-type Hsp90 the fragments containing the chaperone sites are connected by a highly charged linker of various lengths in different organisms. As this linker region represents the most striking difference between bacterial and eukaryotic Hsp90s, it may be involved in a gain of function of eukaryotic Hsp90s. Here, we have analyzed a fragment of yeast Hsp90 consisting of the N-terminal domain and the charged region (N272) in comparison with the isolated N-terminal domain (N210). We show that the charged region causes an increase in the affinity of the N-terminal domain for nonnative protein and establishes a crosstalk between peptide and ATP binding. Thus, the binding of peptide to N272 decreases its affinity for ATP and geldanamycin, whereas the ATP-binding properties of the monomeric N-terminal domain N210 are not influenced by peptide binding. We propose that the charged region connecting the two chaperone domains plays an important role in regulating chaperone function of Hsp90.  相似文献   
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Information, communication and transport networks have always been in a state of flux, while they also influence each other. Extensive research efforts have been made to investigate the dynamics in the structure and use of networks, for example, by means of network geometries, Small-World effects and Scale-Free phenomena. We will illustrate these new developments on the basis of airline network evolution. Using Lufthansa's networks as an example, this paper aims to show the empirical relevance of various network indicators – such as connectivity and concentration – for understanding changing patterns in airline network configurations. After an extensive discussion of various statistical results, a decision-aid method, viz. multi-criteria analysis, is used to investigate the robustness of our findings. The results highlight the actual strategic choices made by Lufthansa for its own network, as well in combination with its partners in Star Alliance.  相似文献   
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Neural networks are becoming popular analysis tools in spatial research, as is witnessed by various applications in recent years. The performance of neural network analysis needs to be carefully judged, however, since the theoretical underpinning of neuro-computing is still weakly enveloped. In the present paper we will use the logit model as a benchmark for evaluating the result of neural network models, based on an empirical case study from Italy. The present paper aims to assess the foreseeable impact of the high-speed train in Italy, by investigating competition effects between rail and road transport modes. Two statistical models will then be compared, viz. the traditional logit model and a new technique for information processing, viz. the feedforward neural network model. In the study two different cases – corresponding to a different set of attributes – are investigated, namely by using only ‘time’ attributes and by using both ‘time’ and ‘cost’ attributes. From an economic viewpoint, both models appear to highlight the advantage of introducing the high-speed train system in that they show high probabilities of choosing the improved rail transport mode. The feedforward neural net model seems to provide reasonable predictions compared to those obtained by means of a logit model. An important lesson however, is that it is important to define properly the neural network architecture and to train sufficiently the network during the learning phase. Received: June 1996 / Accepted: February 1997  相似文献   
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