密实度对砂卵砾石料强度及变形特性的影响

为研究试样相对密度对砂卵砾石料强度及变形特性的影响,对4组不同相对密度的砂卵砾石料进行不同围压下的中型三轴固结排水剪切试验。试验结果表明:在试验的相对密度范围内,随着围压增大,相对密度小的试样应力应变曲线硬化特征逐渐明显,而相对密度大的试样无论围压大小,应力应变曲线都呈应变软化型;试样在剪切过程中均表现出不同程度的剪胀性;试样抗剪强度指标φ和φ0随着试样相对密度Dr增大而增大,c和Δφ随Dr增大而减小,并建立了试样抗剪强度与相对密度的函数关系式;割线模量、切线体积模量都随Dr增大而增大,可近似用线性关系表示。     

Improved slope safety analysis by new Druker-Prager type criterion

Based on Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) criterion, the parameters of Druker-Prager (D-P) criterion for geomaterial were determined under non-associated flow rule, and thus a new D-P type criterion was presented. Two assumptions were employed during the derivation: 1) principal strains by M-C model and D-P model are equal, and 2) the material is under plane strain condition. Based on the analysis of the surface on π plane, it is found that the proposed D-P type criterion is better than the D-P criterion with M-C circumscribed circle or M-C inscribed circle, and is applicable for stress Lode angle less than zero. By comparing the predicted results with the test data of sand under plane strain condition and other D-P criteria, the proposed criterion is verified and agrees well with the test data, which is further proved to be better than other D-P type criteria in certain range of Lode angle. The criterion was compiled into a finite difference package FLAC3D by user-subroutine, and was used to analyze the stability of a slope by strength reduction method. The predicted slope safety factor from the proposed criterion agrees well with that by Spencer method, and it is more accurate than that from classic D-P criteria.     

Probabilistic analysis of geomembrane puncture from granular material under liquid pressure

A simplified probabilistic analysis of geomembrane punctures from granular material was presented when subjected to liquid pressure. The probability distribution of contact force between geomembrane and granular material was obtained based on the principle of equal probability and assumptions that grains are spheres with constant size. A particle flow code PFC^3D was employed to simulate the contact process which indicates a good agreement with the theoretical probabilistic analysis. The odds of geomembrane puncture from grains of constant size were obtained by evaluating the puncture force which should not exceed the puncture resistance of geomembrane. The effects of grain radius, grain rigidity and liquid pressure were studied in more detail and displayed in graphs. Both high-level of liquid pressure and large grain can result in high risk of geomembrane puncture. The influence of grain rigidity on the geomembrane puncture odds is significant. For granular material with a grain size distribution, the geomembrane puncture odds can be estimated by the grain size distribution, served as weight function and it is a cautious design if the largest grain is chosen as the design grain size.     

考虑剪胀与软化的接触面弹塑性模型

采用大型单剪仪进行粗粒料与混凝土接触面在混合土泥皮(膨润土中掺入水泥)条件下的剪切试验,揭示混合土泥皮条件下接触面的力学特性与机制。试验结果表明,存在混合土泥皮时,接触面表现出明显的剪胀及应力-应变软化现象。峰值强度以及发生剪胀所对应的剪应变与法向应力大小有关,相同法向应力下,峰值强度所对应的剪应变滞后于产生剪胀的位置。为反映接触面的这一变形特性,基于广义位势理论,建立考虑剪胀以及应变软化的接触面弹塑性本构模型。利用塑性状态方程取代传统屈服面,采用分段函数,对剪应力与剪应变关系曲线和法向应变与剪应变关系曲线均用双曲线函数以及似正态函数分别进行拟合,从而确定模型中的各个参数。结合部分试验结果表明,模型计算的剪应力与法向应变与试验值的误差分别在10.5%,12.7%以内,从而验证模型的合理性。     

垃圾土变形特性及防渗膜受力的试验研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾土的降解是垃圾填埋场沉降的主要原因,而垃圾填埋场的沉降对HPDE衬垫膜的受力和工作状态有显著的影响,HPDE衬垫膜的设计需要考虑垃圾填埋场沉降的作用,文章通过垃圾土中有机物的降解试验和垃圾土柱沉降试验,推求了考虑垃圾土压缩和降解的变形计算方法,进行了垃圾填埋场的离心模型试验,探讨了垃圾填埋场中垃圾体的变形分布规律和衬垫膜的受力特征,对衬垫膜的设计计算方法进行了研究。     

粗颗粒土橡皮膜嵌入试验研究

对于粗颗粒土三轴固结排水剪试验,橡皮膜嵌入是影响试验体变测量的最重要因素。通过在中三轴试样中埋置不同直径铁棒的方法进行等向固结试验来推求橡皮膜嵌入量。试验表明,试样土体体积与排水量呈较好的线性关系,基此给出了各个围压下的膜嵌入量。指出随着围压的增大,膜嵌入量逐渐增大,约0.8 MPa后,嵌入量的增速变缓,嵌入量占实时总排水量的比例可达31.0%~40.7%。由于粗颗粒土的各向异性,目前所用最多的Newland和Allely所提出的方法总体略高估了膜嵌入的大小,随着围压的增大,各向异性减弱,围压为2 MPa时嵌入量差异仅有0.22%的体变。最后,对比4种解析解发现Molenkamp和Luger的解析解最为接近试验值。针对粗颗粒土,需要进行更多的试验来建立颗粒破碎率和相对密度等与系数η的关系来修正解析解。     

球应力和偏应力对粗粒土变形影响的真三轴试验研究

为了研究p,q,θσ单独变化对粗粒土变形的影响,使用河海大学TSW-40型真三轴仪,对粗粒土进行了等q等b(b=(σ2-σ3)/(σ1-σ3))试验,等p等b试验和等p等q试验,试验结果表明:q,b保持不变,p单独减小时,初期几乎不产生偏应变,但会产生膨胀的体积应变,随着p的减小,体积膨胀增大,偏应变也逐渐增大,但偏应变数值上比体积应变小,到后期体积应变和偏应变都加速发展,直至破坏;p的减小直接引起体积膨胀,体积膨胀后颗粒结构松动,进而导致偏应变的产生;p,b保持不变,q单独增大时,初期几乎不产生体积膨胀,但会产生偏应变,随着q的增大,偏应变增大,体积膨胀也逐渐增大,但体积应变数值上比偏应变小,到后期体积应变和偏应变都加速发展,直至破坏;q的增大直接产生偏应变,偏应变使得颗粒之间产生错动,进而导致体积膨胀的产生;p,q保持不变,应力罗德角θσ单独变化会产生不可恢复的体积应变和偏应变,但数值上很小。引入参数sp(sp=(p/q-p0/q0)/(1/Mf-p0/q0))和sq(sp=(q/p-q0/p0)/(Mf-q0/p0)),p0,q0分别为初始球应力和偏应力,Mf为破坏应力比,发现q,b保持不变,p单独减小时,dεv/dp与1/(1-sp)1/2-1成正比例关系,dεs/dp与-sp[1/(1-sp)1/2-1]成正比例关系,应力–剪胀方程为dεv/dεs=-1/sp;p,b保持不变,q单独增大时,dεs/dq与1/(1-sq)1/2-1成正比例关系,dεv/dq与-sq[1/(1-sq)1/2-1]成正比例关系,应力–剪胀方程为dεv/dεs=-sq。最后根据本文试验结果对粗粒土柔度矩阵元素的特性进行了分析。     

粗粒土应力诱导各向异性真三轴试验研究

使用河海大学最新研制成功的真三轴仪,对粗粒土进行不同主应力方向上的单向加荷试验。结果表明,在σ1、σ2、σ3方向上单向加荷时,加荷向变形都为压缩,而侧向变形较为复杂。当在σ1或者σ2方向上单向加荷时,σ3方向上都是发生膨胀,而另一个侧向(即σ2或σ1方向上)没有明显变形;当在σ3方向上单向加荷时,两个侧向(即σ1、σ2方向上)都几乎没有变形。分析认为:剪切作用增强即应力状态接近破坏面,会发生侧向膨胀;反之,剪切作用减弱,则无侧向膨胀产生或侧向膨胀较小。对σ3方向单向加荷的情况研究表明,该应力路径下,p、q、b这3个量的变化都是使试样的应力状态远离破坏面,剪切作用减弱,因此侧向膨胀很小或没有。所试验的粗粒土在一般应力条件下各向异性性质显著。     

土石坝心墙拱作用影响因素研究

针对目前普遍存在的土石坝心墙拱效应现象,对某土质心墙坝进行了有限元分析,探讨了影响土石坝心墙应力拱效应的几种因素。计算结果表明,坝壳与心墙的弹模比、心墙泊松比、坝高等因素对心墙拱效应的影响比较显著;坝壳泊松比对拱效应的影响不大。计算分析结果可为今后类似土质心墙坝的设计提供参考依据。     

粗粒土在平面应变条件下的强度特性研究

使用河海大学新型真三轴仪,对粗粒土分别进行σ₃ 保持不变的等σ₃平面应变试验和 b =0 （即常规三轴压缩）、 b =0.25 的等σ₃等b[b=(σ₂ -σ₃)/(σ₁ -σ₃)]试验,研究了粗粒土在平面应变条件下的应力路径、破坏时的中主应力系数、内摩擦角及破坏应力比的特点。试验结果表明,等 σ₃平面应变试验的应力路径介于 b =0 与 b =0.25 的等σ₃ 等b[b=(σ₂ -σ₃)/(σ₁ -σ₃)] 试验之间 ; 粗粒土在 平面应变条件下 破坏时的中主应力系数 b 介于 0.15 ～ 0.2 之间;粗粒土在平面应变条件下的内摩擦角比常 规三轴压缩条件下的大 5% ～ 7% ,而破坏应力比则比常规三轴压缩条件下的小 13% ～ 18% 。最后提出一个 由粗粒土常规三轴压缩试验测得的内摩擦角 φ _tc 求平面应变条件下的破坏应力比 M _fp 的计算公式 M _fp =2.3sin φ _tc ,可较好地模拟试验结果。