煤矸石对矿山环境的影响及其防治

论述了煤矸石对环境的不利影响及减少和防治各种不利影响的相应措施，并从利用煤矸石发电、制建筑材料、造肥料以及充填煤矿塌陷区复垦造田等方面介绍了煤矸石的综合利用。     

硬质合金成形刀具的设计和制造

设计制造复杂的硬质合金成形刀具，已成为大多数机加为主的工厂的当务之急，此文立足现有技术条件，总结了一些这方面的小经验。     

小孔模子制造新工艺

图1是挤压不锈钢零件的模子,孔径为φ0.12毫米,由于孔小,加工比较困难。我们用线切割加工两半模子新工艺制成了高速钢及硬质合金模具。1.线切割:按图2切出半模,此半模比半圆稍大0.03毫米,外径为φ10d,同时,中心还切出了φ0.12毫米的半孔。2.钳工研磨至光洁度(?)11以上,并保证每件正好是半圆,这     

金矿区水系沉积物重金属含量影响分析

通过对比金矿区水库底泥剖面与邻区水系沉积物重金属含量,评价了底泥中砷、铬、汞、铅、铜、锌等重金属的污染现状;结合剖面不同层位物理性状,分析了影响重金属富集的两个因素:一是沉积物自身的吸附作用,二是区域矿业活动的强弱.     

小秦岭金矿带枣香河重金属及氰化物分布特征及污染成因

为了研究小秦岭金矿带河流中重金属及氰化物分布特征及污染成因,利用野外调研、室内淋溶试验、数据测试分析等手段,对枣香河河水和底泥中重金属和氰化物进行了时空剖析。其研究表明,河水水质污染严重,水质类别主要是劣Ⅴ类和Ⅴ类水,污染河段占93.09%,河水中主要污染物为汞、铅及氰化物。通过对近年河水断面水质对比分析得出,重金属、氰化物已经造成枣香河水的持续污染。河流中重金属主要以底泥的形式存在,底泥中铜、铅污染最严重。河水污染成因主要为山区采矿活动、山外傍河选冶作业;河水的稀释、混合作用;底泥的吸附作用、生物化学的降解作用等。影响因素主要为污染物总量及其降解速率、水系沉积物颗粒粒径、地形地貌等。     

某河流底泥重金属污染地质累积指数评价

通过对双桥河流域进行环境调查,采集了底泥样品,分析了重金属含量,应用地质累积指数对河流底泥进行了评价。其结果表明:汞的地质累积指数为-1.01～2.39,76.92%采样点为Ⅱ级,属于中度污染;铅的地质累积指数为-0.07～2.19,3.85%采样点达到Ⅲ级,属中度污染到强污染,65.38%采样点达到Ⅱ级,属中度污染;镉的地质累积指数为-0.32～1.55,30.77%采样点达到Ⅱ级,属中度污染,50.00%采样点达到Ⅰ级,属无污染到中度污染;铬、砷基本没有污染;铜、锌地质累积指数平均值为0≤Igeo<1,达到Ⅰ级,属于无污染到中度污染;汞、铅的污染较为严重。     

某矿区土壤及作物中汞的分析与评价

文中对某金矿区农田土壤及作物进行了调查。采集样品分析其中汞的含量,结果表明,农田土壤汞的含量范围为0.21～20.30mg/kg,均值为2.23mg/kg,高出对照区土壤值6.96倍;与土壤环境质量二级标准比较,最大超标倍数19.3,平均超标1.23倍,超标样本达到58.67%,土壤受到汞的轻度污染。作物中汞的含量范围为0.001～1.35mg/kg,均值为0.196mg/kg,平均值超过食品卫生限量标准18.6倍;作物中汞的含量分布规律是叶菜类果实类块根类,达到警戒水平的样本在74.28%以上。该研究成果可为环境污染的防治提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of ecological risk and primary empirical research on heavy metals in polluted soil over Xiaoqinling gold mining region,Shaanxi,China

Soil, crop and residents' hair over Xiaoqinling gold mining region, China, which was selected as a case study, were sampled and analyzed for Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, As and Zn concentrations. The concentrations of heavy metals in soil or crop and hair samples were used to assess their potential ecological risks, or to find the responses to these metals as evidences to prove the potential risk was coming down to observed harm, respectively. The results showed that, these metals in soil were ranked by severity of ecological risk as Hg＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Zn, based on their single-element indexes. In the view of the potential ecological risk indexes, of all soil samples, about half had significantly high or high potential ecological risk, which covered more than 74% of the studied region. Most of the risks were 97.41% from Hg, Pb and Cd, especially, 84.37% from Hg. Both the single-element and potential ecological risk indexes indicated that, the ecological risk grades had a special spatial characteristic, and increased from northwest to southeast generally. This was agreed with the spatial distribution of the strength in gold mining activities over the studied region. The concentrations of Hg and Pb were higher than their relative backgrounds in the corps, and were even 9.48 and 25.09 times higher than their relative backgrounds in residents' hair, respectively. All these showed that the heavy metals in the soil had a high potential ecological risk, especially, had been affecting these crops' growing and yield, and even the residents' health through food strains. Obviously, these metals' potential ecological harm had been coming down to observed harm to the ecology.     

重金属对难降解有机物生物降解的影响及机制

综述重金属对难降解有机物生物降解的影响及其特点,从重金属的介入所导致的微生态系统中微生物特性的改变,以及与目标污染物的作用进而改变污染物的生物可利用性等方面,重点分析了重金属对难降解有机物生物降解影响的特点及其形成的作用机制,指出了值得进一步研究的问题及方向.     

双桥河流域农田土壤重金属分析与评价

金矿石的开采及选冶生产会将矿石中的重金属释放到环境中,对环境造成污染。为了研究金矿石开采及选冶生产对土壤环境质量的影响,在研究区域采集不同地貌单元的土壤样品,分析测定其重金属含量;通过与国家土壤环境质量标准比较,以及与邻区土壤样品分析测定结果对照,结果表明,不同地貌单元农田土壤中汞污染最严重,超标倍数平均值为1.29,是各地貌单元的主要污染物;山前冲洪积斜塬区、河流冲洪积阶地区及黄土沟壑台塬区土壤重金属综合污染指数分别为1.98,1.53,1.59,达到轻度污染;土壤综合累积污染指数分别为23.57,18.66,19.56,达到极严重累计污染。研究结果说明,人类矿业活动对土壤环境质量的影响值得重视,土壤中重金属污染与矿业活动频繁息息相关。