全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9084篇 |
免费 | 767篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
学科分类
生物科学 | 9854篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 37篇 |
2022年 | 32篇 |
2021年 | 109篇 |
2020年 | 89篇 |
2019年 | 127篇 |
2018年 | 252篇 |
2017年 | 218篇 |
2016年 | 293篇 |
2015年 | 486篇 |
2014年 | 511篇 |
2013年 | 655篇 |
2012年 | 722篇 |
2011年 | 768篇 |
2010年 | 478篇 |
2009年 | 340篇 |
2008年 | 560篇 |
2007年 | 539篇 |
2006年 | 558篇 |
2005年 | 488篇 |
2004年 | 420篇 |
2003年 | 423篇 |
2002年 | 350篇 |
2001年 | 99篇 |
2000年 | 90篇 |
1999年 | 82篇 |
1998年 | 39篇 |
1997年 | 40篇 |
1996年 | 42篇 |
1995年 | 25篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 37篇 |
1991年 | 39篇 |
1990年 | 51篇 |
1989年 | 48篇 |
1988年 | 57篇 |
1987年 | 42篇 |
1986年 | 44篇 |
1985年 | 34篇 |
1984年 | 32篇 |
1983年 | 32篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 20篇 |
1979年 | 32篇 |
1978年 | 33篇 |
1977年 | 28篇 |
1975年 | 32篇 |
1974年 | 33篇 |
1973年 | 29篇 |
1853年 | 21篇 |
排序方式: 共有9854条查询结果,搜索用时 375 毫秒
1.
Erwan Stephan Stéphane Delanaud Cécile Bisch Jean-Pierre Libert Frédéric Telliez 《Journal of electromyography and kinesiology》2008,18(1):160-168
We present here a new, dedicated mechanical device for monitoring quick-release movements of the wrist. The ergometer was designed to easily assess musculotendinous properties during wrist flexion. Maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and quick-release (QR) movements during wrist flexion were performed on 14 subjects. A validation of the ergometer, using a test-retest methodology, was performed to assess its reliability and sensitivity. The device has been technically and biomechanically validated in a range of situations, including inertia measurement (mean inertia was found 0.0119+/-0.0012 N m s(2) rad(-1)) and appearance of the unloading reflex. Our results indicate that the device provides highly reliable, sensitive evaluation of wrist muscle stiffness (intraclass correlation coefficient for inertia, maximal voluntary contraction and stiffness index were 0.873, 0.994 and 0.930, respectively). Its portability facilitates measurement of the influence of repetitive, occupational activity on the musculotendinous complex of the wrist flexors. 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
Growing cultures of an autolysis-defective pneumococcal mutant were exposed to [3H]benzylpenicillin at various multiples of the minimal inhibitory concentration and incubated until the growth of the cultures was halted. During the process of growth inhibition, we determined the rates and degree of acylation of the five penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and the rates of peptidoglycan incorporation, protein synthesis, and turbidity increase. The time required for the onset of the inhibitory effects of benzylpenicillin was inversely related to the concentration of the antibiotic, and inhibition of peptidoglycan incorporation always preceded inhibition of protein synthesis and growth. When cultures first started to show the onset of growth inhibition, the same characteristic fraction of each PBP was in the acylated form in all cases, irrespective of the antibiotic concentration. Apparently, saturation of one or more PBPs with the antibiotic beyond these threshold levels is needed to bring about interference with normal peptidoglycan production and cellular growth. Although it was not possible to correlate the inhibition of cell wall synthesis or cell growth with the degree of acylation (percentage saturation) of any single PBP, there was a correlation between the amount of peptidoglycan synthesized and the actual amount of PBP 2b that was not acylated. In cultures exposed to benzylpenicillin concentrations greater than eight times the minimal inhibitory concentration, the rates of peptidoglycan incorporation underwent a rapid decline when bacterial growth stopped. However, in cultures exposed to lower concentrations of benzylpenicillin (one to six times the minimal inhibitory concentration) peptidoglycan synthesis continued at constant rate for prolonged periods, after the turbidity had ceased to increase. We conclude that inhibition of bacterial growth does not require a complete inhibition or even a major decline in the rate of peptidoglycan incorporation. Rather, inhibition of growth must be caused by an as yet undefined process that stops cell division when the rate of incorporation of peptidoglycan (or synthesis of protein) falls below a critical value. 相似文献
5.
Comparative analysis of the cattle and human genomes: detection of ZOO-FISH and gene mapping-based chromosomal homologies 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Comparative chromosome painting with individual human chromosome-specific libraries (CSLs) on cattle metaphase chromosomes
delineated 46 homologous chromosomal segments between the two species. Continuous arrangement of these segments on individual
cattle chromosomes demonstrates a nearly complete coverage of the bovine karyotype and shows physical boundaries of bovine
chromosomal segments homologous to individual human chromosomes. Alignment of the available comparative gene mapping data
with the homologous segments strongly supports the detected gross homologies between the karyotypes of the two species. In
addition to cattle, four human CSLs were hybridized to sheep metaphase chromosomes also, to further verify the known karyotype
homology within the Bovidae. Besides its application to karyotype evolution research, the comparative knowledge provides for
rapid expansion of the much needed Type I locus-based bovine gene map.
Received: 9 September 1995 / Accepted: 4 December 1995 相似文献
6.
Ohne ZusammenfassungProceedings of the Meetings of Saturday September 26, 1908.Die vorliegende Übersetzung, zu der Herr Prof. Went mich gütigst autorisierte, rechtfertigt sich durch die in theoretischer, ganz besonders aber in methodologischer Hinsicht überaus wichtigen Ergebnisse Blaauws. Die Untersuchung bestätigt zunächst ein Gesetz, das der Übersetzer für die Abhängigkeit der Präsentationszeit von der Lichtintensität festgestellt hat (die diesbezügliche Abhandlung war Herrn Prof. Went zur Zeit, als er dieses Referat schrieb, noch nicht zu Gesicht gekommen), verfolgt aber diese Gesetzmäßigkeit innerhalb wesentlich weiterer Grenzen. Die Feststellung ganz besonders, daß bei entsprechend intensiver Beleuchtung die Präsentationszeit bis auf 1/1000 Sekunde sinkt, zusammengehalten mit den Tatsachen der feinen Unterschiedsempfind-lichkeit der Pflanzen (Wiesner) und der außerordentlich kurzen Perzeptions-zeit (Fitting), muß die reizphysiologische Methodik reformieren und sie zu ebenso exaktem Arbeiten anspornen, wie es bei psychophysischen Experimenten längst der Fall ist. 相似文献
7.
8.
W. O. van der Knaap Jacqueline F. N. van Leeuwen Tomasz Goslar Robert Krisai Willy Tinner 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2012,21(1):37-60
Three mires and a small lake in the Swiss and Austrian Alps were studied palynologically at high resolution, covering the
last 1,000, 400, 50 and 1,200 years, respectively. Methodological lessons include: (1) Sub-decadal resolution in upper, little-decomposed
peat layers reveals recurrent marked fluctuations in both percentages and influx of regional tree-pollen types, reflecting
variations in pollen production rather than in plant-population sizes. (2) Intermittent, single-spectrum pollen maxima in
samples of sub-decadal resolution indicate pollen transport in clumps. This type of pollen transport may remain unrecognized
in sections with lower sampling resolution, which may then lead to inappropriate interpretation in terms of plant-population
sizes. (3) The detection of short-lived phases of human impact in decomposed peat requires sampling intervals as close as
0.2 cm. (4) PAR (pollen influx) may reflect vegetation dynamics more faithfully than percentages. Reliable PAR, however, is
difficult to achieve in Alpine mires due to past human impact on peat growth, even when complex depth–age modelling techniques
are used. Critical comparison of PAR with percentages is therefore essential. (5) Careful consideration of spatial scales
in pollen signals (local–regional and subdivisions) is essential for a realistic palaeo-ecological interpretation. Results
in terms of past human impact on vegetation are summarized as follows: (1) Trends in pollen types reflecting regional human
action are in general agreement with earlier findings for the western Swiss Alps, allowing for regional differences. (2) All
mires in the Alps investigated here and in an earlier study experienced human impact during the last millennium. The studied
small lake, lying in sub-alpine pasture, records forest dynamics at a lower elevation since a.d. 800. 相似文献
9.
Audray Dugrand-Judek Alexandre Olry Alain Hehn Gilles Costantino Patrick Ollitrault Yann Froelicher Frédéric Bourgaud 《PloS one》2015,10(11)
Citrus plants are able to produce defense compounds such as coumarins and furanocoumarins to cope with herbivorous insects and pathogens. In humans, these chemical compounds are strong photosensitizers and can interact with medications, leading to the “grapefruit juice effect”. Removing coumarins and furanocoumarins from food and cosmetics imply additional costs and might alter product quality. Thus, the selection of Citrus cultivars displaying low coumarin and furanocoumarin contents constitutes a valuable alternative. In this study, we performed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analyses to determine the contents of these compounds within the peel and the pulp of 61 Citrus species representative of the genetic diversity all Citrus. Generally, Citrus peel contains larger diversity and higher concentrations of coumarin/furanocoumarin than the pulp of the same fruits. According to the chemotypes found in the peel, Citrus species can be separated into 4 groups that correspond to the 4 ancestral taxa (pummelos, mandarins, citrons and papedas) and extended with their respective secondary species descendants. Three of the 4 ancestral taxa (pummelos, citrons and papedas) synthesize high amounts of these compounds, whereas mandarins appear practically devoid of them. Additionally, all ancestral taxa and their hybrids are logically organized according to the coumarin and furanocoumarin pathways described in the literature. This organization allows hypotheses to be drawn regarding the biosynthetic origin of compounds for which the biogenesis remains unresolved. Determining coumarin and furanocoumarin contents is also helpful for hypothesizing the origin of Citrus species for which the phylogeny is presently not firmly established. Finally, this work also notes favorable hybridization schemes that will lead to low coumarin and furanocoumarin contents, and we propose to select mandarins and Ichang papeda as Citrus varieties for use in creating species devoid of these toxic compounds in future breeding programs. 相似文献
10.
Fr. E. Pichlmayr Mag. Pharm. 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》1866,16(8):241-243
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献