土壤地理学的进展与展望

作为土壤学和地理学学科的分支,土壤地理学是地球表层系统科学的重要组成部分,其核心研究内容是土壤的时空变化。土壤地理学研究对象从传统的土体向地球表层系统视角下的关键带转变,研究方法上全面走向数字化。本文综述了近20年来土壤地理学分支学科包括土壤发生、土壤形态、土壤分类、土壤调查与数字土壤制图等领域的研究进展,指出其发展趋势为：基础理论研究不断拓展、调查技术正经历变革、时空演变从过程观测走向模拟,同时探讨了土壤地理学的未来发展契机与面临的挑战。     

中国水土保持研究回顾

The preservation and sustainable development of soil and water resources is one of the basic principles for the development of China. Throughout the course of history, all the social improvement and economic development are deeply concerned with soil loss and ecological environmental protection. It is now a common sense that soil and water conservation is the safety insurance for national ecology and its development. For the past long period of time, soil and water loss has been recognized as “the No. 1 killer“ to the ecological environment. The nation is on the stage of the critical conditions for its development. China has massive mountain and upland area with complicated geological conditions and accelerated human destruction and serious soil and water loss.Based on rich historical documents, renovating experience and detailed analysis of the data collected in field experiments and field surveys for soil and water conservation, this paper aims to review the general characteristics of soil and water loss, to explore the relationship between soil and water conservation and sustainable economic development, and to provide relevant strategies for soil and water conservation in China.     

金伯利岩物化探找矿模式及其远景区预测

通过对山东蒙阴地区金伯利岩管、岩带的地质、地球物理与地球化学特征及其背景场的分析，建立了该区金伯利岩物化探找矿模式，并应用该找矿模式对鲁西地区４１０００ｋｍ２范围进行了金伯利岩成矿远景区预测。对所选出的远景预测区，又用层次分析法经排序筛选出８处金伯利岩远景区，其中Ａ类远景区３处、Ｂ类远景区４处、Ｃ类远景区１处。     

宁波跨世纪海洋经济发展的战略设想

大力发展海洋产业是发展宁波海洋经济的重要内容,现阶段我市在海洋产业发展方向和发展重点上,要充分发挥区位优势和政策优势,以“港、渔、油、景、涂”五大资源为出发点,尽快形成以港口海运业为先导,海洋渔业为基础,港口工业为支柱,滨海农业、滨海旅游和临港商贸为支持的完整的海洋产业体系,强化海洋综合管理和环境保护,加快实施科技兴海步伐,积极探索海洋开发的市场运行机制,实现海洋经济的可持续发展。     

汶川地震区绵竹小岗剑沟泥石流发展趋势

小岗剑沟是汶川地震区内一条典型的泥石流沟,位于绵远河的左测,流域面积1.36 km2,沟床平均纵比降412‰。该沟在2008年"5.12"汶川地震后多次暴发泥石流,掩埋从沟口通过的汉(旺)清(平)公路,给四川省绵竹市清平乡的地震灾后重建造成重大危害。通过初步分析,小岗剑沟泥石流的形成过程为:暴雨作用下沟因上游良好的汇流条件而产生山洪→山洪冲刷堆积在沟道内的松散固体物质形成小规模泥石流→泥石流沿大比降沟道向下运动,因具有强大动能而具有强大冲刷下切侵蚀能力,下切侵蚀下游沟床质以及沟口的老台地→在沟口形成大规模泥石流。地震后4 a内共暴发泥石流10次,将沟口老堆积体下切侵蚀深度达35 m,泥石流冲出固体物质50×104m3。目前,沟内仍有固体物质量334.3×104m3,可能参与泥石流活动的动储量为156.8×104m3。如此大量的松散固体物源,使小岗剑沟可能还暴发大规模泥石流。通过泥石流形成因素分析,该沟泥石流活动总体呈强度下降趋势,泥石流活动类型:震后一段时间内为输移控制型、然后为输移控制型向松散固体物质控制型过渡,最后发展成为松散固体物质控制型。通过这些分析,为泥石流治理提供科学支撑。     

The enrichments of organic matter and total nitrogen in sediment as affected by relavant factors

1IntroductionResearch results have shown that overland flow firstly removes fine particles of topsoil because the fine soil particles can be easily transported in runoff (Burwell etal., 1975; Alberts etal., 1983; Gregory 1991). The component differences of fine soil particles between the sediment resulting from soil erosion and the original soil were studied (Meyer etal., 1975; Loch etal., 1982; Cogo, 1983). Sediment was normally composed of soil aggregates and particles of different diamet…     

A review of soil and water conservation in China

The preservation and sustainable development of soil and water resources is one of the basic principles for the development of China. Throughout the course of history, all the social improvement and economic development are deeply concerned with soil loss and ecological environmental protection. It is now a common sense that soil and water conservation is the safety insurance for national ecology and its development. For the past long period of time, soil and water loss has been recognized as "the No.1 killer" to the ecological environment. The nation is on the stage of the critical conditions for its development. China has massive mountain and upland area with complicated geological conditions and accelerated human destruction and serious soil and water loss. Based on rich historical documents, renovating experience and detailed analysis of the data collected in field experiments and field surveys for soil and water conservation, this paper aims to review the general characteristics of soil and water loss, to explore the relationship between soil and water conservation and sustainable economic development, and to provide relevant strategies for soil and water conservation in China.     

土壤结皮的发育特征及其生态功能研究述评

土壤结皮是干旱半干旱地区普遍存在的地被物,在土壤一水分—植被系统演变过程中发挥重要的生态功能。在阅览大量文献的基础上,回顾了近几十年特别是20世纪80年代以来有关土壤结皮的研究工作成果,总结了有待进一步探讨的问题。主要结论有：1)在自然界,土壤结皮的两大类即生物结皮和物理结皮往往同时存在、相互影响,目前缺乏对两类结皮发育关系的认识;2)土壤结皮的发育具有明显的过程复杂性和空间分异性,其生态作用在不同区域的表现不一,甚至有相反的情况发生;3)部分地区特别是黄土高原地区,相关研究工作起步较晚,迫切需要认识结皮对土壤侵蚀、生态水文等过程的作用。需加快相关研究进程,为精准侵蚀预报模型的构建提供理论依据,为合理保护与利用土壤结皮资源提供科学依据。     

"5·12"汶川地震后北川苏保河流域泥石流危害及特征

汶川8级地震直接引发了大量的崩塌、滑坡等次生山地灾害,为泥石流提供了丰富的物质来源,灾后遇高强度降水,已引发大规模的次生泥石流灾害,严重威胁灾民安置点和灾后重建场址.以北川苏保河流域为例,分析了泥石流形成的地形地貌条件、松散固体物质条件和降水条件,总结了苏保河流域泥石流的危害和特征,在此基础上,通过形态调查法和雨洪法对泥石流流量的计算进行了对比分析.结果表明:地震后苏保河流域演变为泥石流多发区域,泥石流将会危害人民生命财产安全、灾后抢险救灾公路和人类生存环境;苏保河流域泥石流具有呈群发性,危害范围大、密度高,搬运能力强、激发泥石流的雨量相对偏小、多灾种复合性的特征;地震后,由于强震引发松散固体物质的剧增、地表植被破坏引起径汇流条件的变化、沟道性质的变化及沟道内形成的多级堵塞,使泥石流的规模增大.     

Identification of potential sites of debris flows in the upper Min River drainage,following environmental changes caused by the Wenchuan earthquake

The Wenchuan earthquake caused numerous landslides and collapses that provide abundant unconsolidated material for future mobilization as debris flows.Debris flows will be very active and cause considerable damage for some time in the affected area.Because of environmental changes related to the earthquake,many potentially dangerous debris flow gullies have yet to be identified.This paper selects the upper Min River from Yinxiu to Wenchuan as the study area,interprets the unconsolidated deposits,and discusses their relationship to distance from the fault.Then,applying that information and the values of other factors relating to debris flow occurrence,the locations of potential debris flows are analyzed by multi-factor comprehensive identification and rapid identification.The multi-factor comprehensive identification employs fuzzy matter-element extension theory.The volume of unconsolidated material in the study area is about 3.28 × 108 m3.According to the analysis by multi-factor comprehensive identification,47 gullies have a high probability for potential debris flow,8 gullies have a moderate probability,and 1 gully has a low probability.