Decrepitation Thermometry and Compositions of Fluid Inclusions of the Damoqujia Gold Deposit,Jiaodong Gold Province,China:Implications for Metallogeny and Exploration

The recently discovered Damoqujia (大磨曲家) gold deposit is a large shear zone-hosted gold deposit of disseminated sulphides located in the north of the Zhaoping (招平) fault zone, Jiaodong (胶东) gold province, China. In order to distinguish the temperature range of cluster inclusions from different mineralization stages and measure their compositions, 16 fluid inclusions and 5 isotopic geochemistry samples were collected for this study. Corresponding to different mineralization stages, the multirange peaks of quartz decrepitation temperature (250-270, 310-360 and 380-430℃(2) indicate that the activity of ore-forming fluids is characterized by multistage. The ore-forming fluids were predominantly of high-temperature fluid system (HTFS) by CO2-rich, and SO2-4-K type magmatic fluid during the early stage of mineralization and were subsequently affected by low-temperature fluid system (LTFS) of CH4-rich, and Cl--Na /Ca2 type meteoric fluid during the late stage of mineralization. Gold is transferred by Au-HS- complex in the HTFS, and Au-Cl- complex can be more important in the LTFS. The transition of fluids from deeper to shallow environments results in mixing between the HTFS and LTFS, which might be one of the most key reasons for gold precipitation and large-scale mineralization. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by high-temperature, strong-activity, and superimposed mineralization, so that there is a great probability of forming large and rich ore deposit in the Damoqujia gold deposit. The main bodies are preserved and extend toward deeper parts, thereby suggesting a great potential in future.     

Ore-Forming Fluid Characteristics of the Dayingezhuang Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Gold Province, China

The Dayingezhuang gold deposit is located in the central part of the Zhaoping Fault Zone, which is one of the most important gold-hosting faults in the Jiaodong gold province of China. Dayingezhuang is a typical large-scale shear zone-hosted disseminated gold deposit with superimposed silver mineralization. Fluid inclusion (FI) petrography and microthermometry, and analysis of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes for fluid inclusions were conducted to determine the characteristics of the ore-forming fluids and the processes of silver mineralization. Microthermometry data of FI indicated that ore-forming fluids are characterized by low salinity and low density. Homogenization pressures of FI are estimated at 20 × 10⁵–220 × 10⁵ Pa. The change in ore-forming fluids from K₂SO₄ type to NaCl type indicates the superposition of two hydrothermal mineralizing events. Ore-forming fluids were dominated by magmatic components in the early mineralization period, and affected by meteoric waters in the late period. Gold may have been transported as Au-S or Au-Cl complexes, whereas silver was transported as Ag-Cl complexes. Early fluid boiling and later fluid mixing are thought to be two of the main factors causing the deposition and superimposing of gold and silver to form the large deposit.     

刚果(金)绿纱铜钴矿床黑色页岩Rb-Sr测年及其区域成矿意义

中非铜钴矿带是全球最大最具经济价值的沉积型层状铜成矿带之一.区域内铜钴矿床形成分布主要受区域地层和构造控制,成矿具有多期特征.含矿地层中发育大量褶皱前浸染状和顺层脉状矿化,指示可能存在成岩之后和造山主构造变形之前的矿化叠加作用.本文通过绿纱铜钴矿床矿化黑色页岩全岩Rb-Sr测年及Sr-Nd同位素研究,获得早期浸染状矿化黑色页岩等时线年龄为742±32Ma(MSWD=0.39),与木瓦夏-恩古巴裂谷作用同期;晚期脉状矿化黑色页岩及与脉体中白云石、黄铜矿单矿物构成的内部等时线年龄分别为680±24Ma(MSWD=0.95)和678±21Ma(MSWD=1.5),为刚果克拉通与卡拉哈里克拉通俯冲造山作用初期.Sr,Nd同位素特征显示,早期浸染状矿化成矿物质来源长英质基底和同期基性火山岩;晚期脉状矿化成矿物质来源基性基底和赋矿围岩,与盆地内循环热卤水成矿有关.大量证据表明,顺层脉状矿化及其伴生切层脉状和角砾岩状矿化具有三维空间上的连通性,为同期矿化作用产物.脉体的形成与区域挤压作用引起的超高压流体水压致裂和侧向流动有关,区域挤压应力的动力来源于俯冲造山作用.700Ma左右,罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解结束及冈瓦纳超大陆聚合开始,引起区域构造体制从伸展向挤压转换,可能是区域大规模叠加成矿作用发生的地球动力学机制.     

Experimental remolding on the caprock’s 3D strain field of the Indosinian-Yanshanian epoch in Tongling deposit concentrating area

~~Experimental remolding on the caprock’s 3D strain field of the Indosinian-Yanshanian epoch in Tongling deposit concentrating area1.Chang,Y.F.,Liu,X.P.,Wu,Y.C,The Cu,Fe Metallogenic Belt in the Middle-Lower Reaches of Yangtze River(in Chinese with English abstract),Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1991,1-379. 2.Yin,H.F.,Wu,S.B.,Du,Y.S.,South China is the part of multi-islands and multi-oceans system of Tethys,Earth Sciences(in Chinese),1999,24(1):1-12. 3.Wu,G G,Zha…     

铜陵矿集区燕山期地壳浅部成矿流体活动的构造控矿

为查明铜陵矿集区在燕山期不同层次、不同部位和不同类型的构造的导流-一控矿作用，作者完成了3个构造物理模拟实验，分别模拟了中-深层次断裂系统、浅表部褶皱．断裂系统与中部褶皱系统的应力性质与应变景观；依次分析了不同方向、不同部位和不同层次控矿断裂及褶皱的导流作用，讨论了特定构造部位多种构造形迹复合而成的三维控流系统对流体运输的控制作用。分析表明，在区域地壳浅部的中-深层次，褶皱作用较弱，主要由盖层岩系断裂系统及基底断裂共同组成导流断裂系统，为成矿流体的浅部运输提供了通道；在中-浅层次，褶皱作用较强。褶皱及其相伴生的断裂系统为流体提供了就位空间。     

Experimental remolding on the caprock''s 3D strain field of the Indosinian-Yanshanian epoch in Tongling deposit concentrating area

Based on field observations and rheology analysis, we perform one analogue experiment and remold the 3D structural frame of Tongling deposit concentrating area firstly. Then we disassemble and dialyze the 3D structures of the model using the methods of "slicing" and "stripping". A series of sliced planes vertical to the fold hinges show similar landscapes of that in the drill hole profiles. Meanwhile, layer stripping analysis indicates that the deformation features of each layer in the model are qualitatively analogical to those obtained from field observations.Through contrasting the 3D structure between the experimental model and the field phenomena,we verify the following 3D deformation features of the caprock in this area: (1) the Tongling area mainly consists of three series of NE S-typed fold groups; (2) in the uniform stress field, the incoherent folds universally develop in different positions, along different axes as well as in different strata; (3) the faults propagate upward which are mostly inter-bedded detachment faults,while the fold amplitudes decrease while going deeper; and (4) the folds and cleavages are highly developed in the Silurian System indicating that the deformation effect of the Indosinian-Yanshanian structural layer terminates at this layer, which suggests that the Silurian System is the crucial layer for the inversion between brittle and plastic deformation domains and the underlying strata are subject to the control of another deformation system with distinct properties.     

Fluid Evolution and Metallogenic Dynamics during Tectonic Regime Transition: Example from the Jiapigou Gold Belt in Northeast China

The Jiapigou gold belt, one of the most important gold-producing districts in China, is located in the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The tectonic evolution of the gold belt is closely related to the Siberian Plate (SP) in the north, Yangtze Craton (YC) in the south and Pacific Plate in the east. In order to investigate the nature of the tectono-fluid-metallogenic system, the authors investigated the relationships among the tectonic regimes, fluid evolution and metallogenesis. This paper examined the corresponding spatial–temporal relationship between the ore-controlling tectonic regime and hydrothermal fluid evolution in the Jiapigou gold belt. There are two types of gold mineralization: disseminated ores that are distributed within the NW-trending main ductile shear zone and gold-bearing quartz veins and minor disseminated ores that are distant to the ductile shear zone. The fluid inclusions in quartz contain a large amount of CO₂. Metamorphic fluids of middle to high temperatures and pressures and meteoric waters of low temperatures and pressures mixed together during mineralization. A proposed ore-forming model is as follows: in the pre-ore phase, the collision of SP and NCC resulted in the NS-trending compression of the ore belt. This formed the NE-trending and NW-trending shear faults and EW-trending folds. During the ore-forming phase, the collision of YC and NCC resulted in dextral shearing of the NW-trending Jiapigou fault and the NE-trending Green faults. High-pressure fluids caused by the compression flowed into the dilatant zone. This may have caused both phase separation of CO₂-bearing fluids and the mixing of meteoric waters, metamorphic waters and magmatic source fluids and finally resulted in the disequilibrium of the ore fluids and precipitation of ore minerals.     

Surplus Space Method: A New Numerical Model for Prediction of Shallow-seated Magmatic Bodies

Based on the data of field measurement and drilling in the Tongling area, a series of numerical simulations are carried out by using the "Surplus Space Method" (SSM), which is first put forward in this paper and applied to predict the shallow-seated magmatic bodies. The results of the numerical simulations show the existence and the 3-D shape of a conical magmatic structure at a depth of-1000 m beneath the center of the area: its top offsets southwards and bifurcates to several branches, while its lower part stretches northeastwards and contracts rapidly to a point at about -1000 m depth. This point is reckoned to be a "sink" of magma system, transferring ore materials and heat energy from the deep magma chamber to the sub-surface apophyses. The preliminary application of the SSM proves that it may be developed as a new detection means for determining the existence of shallow-seated magmatic bodies and analyzing their three-dimensional features.     

Reconstruction of Ore-controlling Structures Resulting from Magmatic Intrusion into the Tongling Ore Cluster Area during the Yanshanian Epoch

The Tongling ore cluster area experienced intensive compression and associated shearing during the Indosinian-Yanshanian Epoch, which formed a trunk ore-controlling fold and fault system in the caprock. The magmatic intrusion in the Yanshanian Epoch induced a multi-stage unmixing of poly-phase fluids, resulting in mineralization characterized by multi-layer, wide-range, and multiform styles. The magmatic intrusion in the Tongling area not only supplied the essential ore-forming materials, but also reconstructed the ore-controlling structures according to a trend surface simulation of the following five strata boundaries： Silurian-Devonian, Devonian-Carboniferous, Carboniferous- Permian, Middle Permian-Upper Permian and Permian -Triassic. The result of this simulation shows that there exists a significant difference between the strata in the upper part and those in the lower. The lower trend surfaces are antiform whereas the upper trend surfaces are synform. In addition, superposing of the trend surfaces of adjacent bed boundaries （such as, Silurian-Devonian boundary superposed upon Devonian-Carboniferous boundary） shows that the lower trend surface always pierces the one above. Moreover, the position and orientation of the pierced parts of the different superposed trend surfaces are similar and show E-W-trending zonal distribution in accordance with the distribution of the regional E-W-trending magmatic-metallogenic belt. Based on comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties of the strata, structural deformation mechanisms, and field phenomena, it seems that the special characteristics of the stratal trend surface resulted from jacking due to magmatic intrusion into the caprock previously controlled by an E-W-trending basement fault. Therefore, it is deduced that the major ore-controlling structures, which formed during regional horizontal compression, were reconstructed by the vertical jacking function of ore-forming magmas during the Yanshanian Epoch. During the ore-forming process, the local vertical jacking of magmas, coupled with the regional horizontal compression, optimized an extensive environment in the fluid- conduit network and accelerated the unmixing of poly-phase fluids following magmatic emplacement. Jacking also strengthened the vertical and lateral fluid-guiding structures, supplying more suitable physical conditions for multi-layer emplacement and wide-ranging transport of poly-phase fluids.     

Transport network and flow mechanism of shallow ore-bearing magma in Tongling ore cluster area

The Tongling area is one of the most important ore cluster areas in the middle to lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. The ore-forming process in Tongling region was mainly resulted from the me- dium-acidic magma intrusion activity during Yansha- nian epoch[1―4]. Lots of research of the structure sys- tem and intrusion series were carried out in recent decades and the following aspects were mainly fo- cused on: (1) Accurate determination of the petrologic structure, chemical composition a…