Filamentary structure on the Sun from the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability

Magnetic flux emerges from the solar surface as dark filaments connecting small sunspots with opposite polarities. The regions around the dark filaments are often bright in X-rays and are associated with jets. This implies plasma heating and acceleration, which are important for coronal heating. Previous two-dimensional simulations of such regions showed that magnetic reconnection between the coronal magnetic field and the emerging flux produced X-ray jets and flares, but left unresolved the origin of filamentary structure and the intermittent nature of the heating. Here we report three-dimensional simulations of emerging flux showing that the filamentary structure arises spontaneously from the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability, contrary to the previous view that the dark filaments are isolated bundles of magnetic field that rise from the photosphere carrying the dense gas. As a result of the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability, thin current sheets are formed in the emerging flux, and magnetic reconnection occurs between emerging flux and the pre-existing coronal field in a spatially intermittent way. This explains naturally the intermittent nature of coronal heating and the patchy brightenings in solar flares.     

一类新型多氟氮超酸锂盐电解液的性质研究

合成了一类新型多氟氮超酸锂金属盐──二（多氟烷氧基）磺酰基氨化锂，ＬｉＮ（ＳＯ２ＯＲｆ）２（Ｒｆ＝－ＣＨ２ＣＦ３，－ＣＨ２ＣＦ２ＣＦ３，－ＣＨ３ＣＦ２ＣＦ２Ｈ，－ＣＨ（ＣＦ３）２），并用ＩＲ，１ＨＮＭＲ，１９ＦＮＭＲ对它们的结构进行了表征．以碳酸丙烯酯（ＰＣ）和乙二醇二甲醇（ＤＭＥ）为混合溶剂，研究了由这些锂盐组成的电解液的性质．结果显示，新型氟氮超酸锂盐的电化学性能十分优良，可以满足锂电池电解液的要求．讨论了引入不同的取代基所导致的对溶液导电性和阳极抗氧化性能的影响．     

基于深层特征抽取的日文词义消歧系统

词义消歧的特征来源于上下文.日文兼有中英文的语言特性,特征抽取更为复杂.针对日文特点,在词义消歧逻辑模型基础上,利用最大熵模型优良的信息融合性能,采用深层特征抽取方法,引入语义、句法类特征用于消解歧义.同时,为避免偏斜指派,采用BeamSearch算法进行词义序列标注.实验结果表明,与仅使用表层词法类特征方法相比,本文构造的日文词义消歧系统的消歧精度提高2%～3%,动词消歧精度获得5%的改善.     

ddy小鼠替代大鼠的经济简便的抗焦虑药筛选改进模型--间氯苯哌嗪诱导的小鼠明暗箱焦虑模型

目的建立一个部分模拟临床病理的简便易得、经济有效的用于筛选和研制抗焦虑药的模型.方法用间氯苯哌嗪(mCPP)诱导产生焦虑,观察ddy小鼠和ICR小鼠在明暗箱的行为表现.结果 mCPP在SC 1-4mg/kg的剂量下即可显著降低ddy小鼠在明箱的活动次数,而对暗箱的活动次数影响不显著;1mg/kg与4mg/kg组比较,在明箱的活动次数无显著差异;mCPP在SC 2-10mg/kg的剂量下对ICR小鼠在明箱的的活动次数影响不太显著,只在10mg/kg剂量下才显著;而对暗箱的活动次数却影响较大,在2mg/kg的剂量下即可显著降低活动次数.用安定对该模型进行验证,发现只用较小的样本量即可得出显著结果.结论用ddy小鼠可以取代Wistar大鼠建立mCPP诱导焦虑的明暗箱模型,在样本量较小的情况下即可得到有效结果.所以是一个能够克服大鼠实验缺点的、简便易得且经济有效的用于筛选和研制抗焦虑药的良好模型.但用mCPP诱导的焦虑模型对小鼠的种属有选择性,ICR小鼠不适于上述模型.     

Extremely fast acceleration of cosmic rays in a supernova remnant

Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are widely believed to be accelerated by shock waves associated with the expansion of supernova ejecta into the interstellar medium. A key issue in this long-standing conjecture is a theoretical prediction that the interstellar magnetic field can be substantially amplified at the shock of a young supernova remnant (SNR) through magnetohydrodynamic waves generated by cosmic rays. Here we report a discovery of the brightening and decay of X-ray hot spots in the shell of the SNR RX J1713.7-3946 on a one-year timescale. This rapid variability shows that the X-rays are produced by ultrarelativistic electrons through a synchrotron process and that electron acceleration does indeed take place in a strongly magnetized environment, indicating amplification of the magnetic field by a factor of more than 100. The X-ray variability also implies that we have witnessed the ongoing shock-acceleration of electrons in real time. Independently, broadband X-ray spectrometric measurements of RX J1713.7-3946 indicate that electron acceleration proceeds in the most effective ('Bohm-diffusion') regime. Taken together, these two results provide a strong argument for acceleration of protons and nuclei to energies of 1 PeV (10(15) eV) and beyond in young supernova remnants.     

Left–right asymmetry in zebrafish

In vertebrates, internal organs are positioned asymmetrically across the left-right (LR) axis, placing them in a defined area within the body. This LR asymmetric placement is a conserved feature of the vertebrate body plan. Events determining LR asymmetry occur during embryonic development, and are regulated by the coordinated action of genetic mechanisms that are evolutionarily conserved among vertebrates. Recent studies using zebrafish have provided new insights into how the Kupffer's vesicle organizer region is generated, and how it relays LR asymmetry information to the lateral plate mesoderm. In this review, we summarize recent advances in zebrafish and describe our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying these processes.     

常压等离子体苯加氢反应的研究

研究了常压等离子体苯加氢反应的行为.结果表明,常压下用等离子体方法进行苯加氢反应的生成物主要是环己烷、异构的环己二烯、环己烯和碳四组份.在不同的电压、停留时间、反应温度和物料配比的反应条件下,考察了反应物的转化率、产物的选择性和收率情况.用气相色谱仪在线分析产品,用GC-MS色质仪分析确认产品成分,并采用已知标准样品进一步确认产品.常压非催化等离子体(DBD)苯加氢反应具有光明的研究前景.     

Repeated injections of energy in the first 600 ms of the giant flare of SGR 1806-20

The massive flare of 27 December 2004 from the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1806-20, a possible magnetar, saturated almost all gamma-ray detectors, meaning that the profile of the pulse was poorly characterized. An accurate profile is essential to determine physically what was happening at the source. Here we report the unsaturated gamma-ray profile for the first 600 ms of the flare, with a time resolution of 5.48 ms. The peak of the profile (of the order of 10(7) photons cm(-2) s(-1)) was reached approximately 50 ms after the onset of the flare, and was then followed by a gradual decrease with superposed oscillatory modulations possibly representing repeated energy injections with approximately 60-ms intervals. The implied total energy is comparable to the stored magnetic energy in a magnetar (approximately 10(47) erg) based on the dipole magnetic field intensity (approximately 10(15) G), suggesting either that the energy release mechanism was extremely efficient or that the interior magnetic field is much stronger than the external dipole field.     

Oestrogen protects FKBP12.6 null mice from cardiac hypertrophy

FK506 binding proteins 12 and 12.6 (FKBP12 and FKBP12.6) are intracellular receptors for the immunosuppressant drug FK506 (ref. 1). The skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) is isolated as a hetero-oligomer with FKBP12 (ref. 2), whereas the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) more selectively associates with FKBP12.6 (refs 3, 4, 5). FKBP12 modulates Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle and developmental cardiac defects have been reported in FKBP12-deficient mice, but the role of FKBP12.6 in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling remains unclear. Here we show that disruption of the FKBP12.6 gene in mice results in cardiac hypertrophy in male mice, but not in females. Female hearts are normal, despite the fact that male and female knockout mice display similar dysregulation of Ca2+ release, seen as increases in the amplitude and duration of Ca2+ sparks and calcium-induced calcium release gain. Female FKBP12.6-null mice treated with tamoxifen, an oestrogen receptor antagonist, develop cardiac hypertrophy similar to that of male mice. We conclude that FKBP12.6 modulates cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and that oestrogen plays a protective role in the hypertrophic response of the heart to Ca2+ dysregulation.