Biomimetic crystallization of calcium carbonate in the presence of water‐soluble zwitterionic block copolymer

Crystallization of calcium carbonate (CC) in aqueous solutions by gas‐liquid diffusion procedure was investigated systematically in the presence of poly(4‐sulfonic acid diphenylamine)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PSDA‐b‐PEG), wherein the PSDA block is a polymeric zwitterion. PSDA‐b‐PEG was synthesized with the reaction of tosylated PEG and amine‐functionalized PSDA and was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance. The parameters such as, block copolymer concentration, crystallization time and initial pH were considered as indicators of block copolymer's capability in controlling the morphology of CC particles_. The particles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The results suggest that PSDA‐b‐PEG is a suitable template to control the growth mechanism of CC to produce meso‐sized particles with different morphologies. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:96–102, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers     

2,4,6‐Trichlorophenol and phenol removal in methanogenic and partially‐aerated methanogenic conditions in a fluidized bed bioreactor

A fluidized bed bioreactor (FBBR) was operated for more than 575 days to remove 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) and phenol (Phe) from a synthetic toxic wastewater containing 80 mg L^?1 of TCP and 20 mg L^?1 of Phe under two regimes: Methanogenic (M) and Partially‐Aerated Methanogenic (PAM). The mesophilic, laboratory‐scale FBBR consisted of a glass column (3 L capacity) loaded with 1 L of 1 mm diameter granular activated carbon colonized by an anaerobic consortium. Sucrose (1 g COD L^?1) was used as co‐substrate in the two conditions. The hydraulic residence time was kept constant at 1 day. Both conditions showed similar TCP and Phe removal (99.9 + %); nevertheless, in the Methanogenic regime, the accumulation of 4‐chlorophenol (4CP) up to 16 mg L^?1 and phenol up to 4 mg L^?1 was observed, whereas in PAM conditions 4CP and other intermediates were not detected. The specific methanogenic activity of biomass decreased from 1.01 ± 0.14 in M conditions to 0.19 ± 0.06 mmolCH₄ h^?1 gTKN^?1 in PAM conditions whereas the specific oxygen uptake rate increased from 0.039 ± 0.008 in M conditions to 0.054 ± 0.012 mmolO₂ h^?1 gTKN^?1, which suggested the co‐existence of both methanogenic archaea and aerobic bacteria in the undefined consortium. The advantage of the PAM condition over the M regime is that it provides for the thorough removal of less‐substituted chlorophenols produced by the reductive dehalogenation of TCP rather than the removal of the parent compound itself. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nigella sativa oil entrapped polycaprolactone nanoparticles for leishmaniasis treatment

This study is the first to investigate the antileishmanial activities of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) entrapped poly‐ɛ ‐caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles on Leishmania infantum promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro. NSO molecules with variable initial doses of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg were successfully encapsulated into PCL nanoparticles identified as formulations NSO1, NSO2, NSO3, and NSO4, respectively. This process was characterised by scanning electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared, encapsulation efficiency measurements, and release profile evaluations. The resulting synthetised nanoparticles had sizes ranging between 200 and 390 nm. PCL nanoparticles encapsulated 98% to 80% of initial doses of NSO and after incubation released approximately 85% of entrapped oil molecules after 288 h. All investigated formulations demonstrated strong antileishmanial effects on L. infantum promastigotes by inhibiting up to 90% of parasites after 192 h. The tested formulations decreased infection indexes of macrophages in a range between 2.4‐ and 4.1‐fold in contrast to control, thus indicating the strong anti‐amastigote activities of NSO encapsulated PCL nanoparticles. Furthermore, NSO‐loaded PCL nanoparticles showed immunomodulatory effects by increasing produced nitric oxide amounts within macrophages by 2–3.5‐fold in contrast to use of free oil. The obtained data showed significant antileishmanial effects of NSO encapsulated PCL nanoparticles on L. infantum promastigotes and amastigotes.Inspec keywords: antibacterial activity, drug delivery systems, nanofabrication, nitrogen compounds, nanomedicine, microorganisms, cellular biophysics, diseases, scanning electron microscopy, oils, polymers, biomedical materials, nanoparticles, encapsulation, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: encapsulation efficiency measurements, entrapped oil molecules, investigated formulations, NSO‐loaded PCL nanoparticles, Nigella sativa oil entrapped polycaprolactone nanoparticles, antileishmanial activities, poly‐ε‐caprolactone nanoparticles, scanning electron microscope, DLS, Fourier transform infrared, release profile evaluations, Leishmania infantum promastigotes, Leishmania infantum amastigotes, parasites, infection, infection indexes, macrophages, immunomodulatory effects, time 288.0 hour, time 192.0 hour, mass 50.0 mg, mass 100.0 mg, mass 150.0 mg, mass 200.0 mg, size 200.0 nm to 390.0 nm     

PETOOL: MATLAB-based one-way and two-way split-step parabolic equation tool for radiowave propagation over variable terrain

A MATLAB-based one-way and two-way split-step parabolic equation software tool (PETOOL) has been developed with a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) for the analysis and visualization of radio-wave propagation over variable terrain and through homogeneous and inhomogeneous atmosphere. The tool has a unique feature over existing one-way parabolic equation (PE)-based codes, because it utilizes the two-way split-step parabolic equation (SSPE) approach with wide-angle propagator, which is a recursive forward–backward algorithm to incorporate both forward and backward waves into the solution in the presence of variable terrain. First, the formulation of the classical one-way SSPE and the relatively-novel two-way SSPE is presented, with particular emphasis on their capabilities and the limitations. Next, the structure and the GUI capabilities of the PETOOL software tool are discussed in detail. The calibration of PETOOL is performed and demonstrated via analytical comparisons and/or representative canonical tests performed against the Geometric Optic (GO) + Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). The tool can be used for research and/or educational purposes to investigate the effects of a variety of user-defined terrain and range-dependent refractivity profiles in electromagnetic wave propagation.

Program summary

Program title: PETOOL (Parabolic Equation Toolbox)Catalogue identifier: AEJS_v1_0Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEJS_v1_0.htmlProgram obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen?s University, Belfast, N. IrelandLicensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.htmlNo. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 143 349No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 23 280 251Distribution format: tar.gzProgramming language: MATLAB (MathWorks Inc.) 2010a. Partial Differential Toolbox and Curve Fitting Toolbox requiredComputer: PCOperating system: Windows XP and VistaClassification: 10Nature of problem: Simulation of radio-wave propagation over variable terrain on the Earth?s surface, and through homogeneous and inhomogeneous atmosphere.Solution method: The program implements one-way and two-way Split-Step Parabolic Equation (SSPE) algorithm, with wide-angle propagator. The SSPE is, in general, an initial-value problem starting from a reference range (typically from an antenna), and marching out in range by obtaining the field along the vertical direction at each range step, through the use of step-by-step Fourier transformations. The two-way algorithm incorporates the backward-propagating waves into the standard one-way SSPE by utilizing an iterative forward–backward scheme for modeling multipath effects over a staircase-approximated terrain.Unusual features: This is the first software package implementing a recursive forward–backward SSPE algorithm to account for the multipath effects during radio-wave propagation, and enabling the user to easily analyze and visualize the results of the two-way propagation with GUI capabilities.Running time: Problem dependent. Typically, it is about 1.5 ms (for conducting ground) and 4 ms (for lossy ground) per range step for a vertical field profile of vector length 1500, on Intel Core 2 Duo 1.6 GHz with 2 GB RAM under Windows Vista.     

The ratio of crystallinity and thermodynamical interactions of polycaprolactone with some aliphatic esters and aromatic solvents by inverse gas chromatography

Summary The retention diagrams of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, chloro benzene, n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate and isoamyl acetate on the polycaprolactone were plotted at temperatures between 70 and 140^oC by inverse gas chromatography technique. Percent crystallinity of polycaprolactone were obtained at temperatures below melting point from the retention diagrams of benzene, toluene and ethyl benzene. It was concluded that the data obtained by inverse gas chromatography were comparable those of obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. Specific retention volume, V_g^o, Flory-Huggins polymer-solvent interaction parameters, ₁₂, the weight fraction activity coefficients of the solvents at infinite dilution, ₁, effective exchange energy parameters, X_eff were determined. Later, the partial molar heat of sorption, H_1,sorp and the partial molar heat of mixing, H₁ were obtained from the slope of the logarithm of specific retention volume, Ln V_g^o versus 1/T plot and from the slope of the logarithm of the weight fraction activity coefficients, ₁versus 1/T plot, respectively.     

Electrosynthesis of hierarchical Cu2O–Cu(OH)2 nanodendrites supported on carbon nanofibers/poly(para-phenylenediamine) nanocomposite as high-efficiency catalysts for methanol electrooxidation

The development of highly efficient catalysts using inexpensive and earth-abundant metals is a crucial factor in a large-scale commercialization of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). In this study, we explored a new catalyst based on copper nanodendrites (CuNDs) supported on carbon nanofibers/poly (para-phenylenediamine) (CNF/PpPD) nanocomposite for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The catalyst support was prepared on a carbon paste electrode by electropolymerization of para-phenylenediamine monomer on a drop-cast carbon nanofibers network. Afterwards, CuNDs were electrodeposited on the nanocomposite through a potentiostatic method. The morphology and the structure of the prepared nanomaterials were characterized by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope. The results suggested that a three-dimensional nanodendritic structure consisting of Cu₂O and Cu(OH)₂ formed on the hybrid CNF/PpPD nanocomposite. The catalytic performance of CuNDs supported on CNF, PpPD and CNF/PpPD was evaluated for MOR under alkaline conditions. The CNF/PpPD/CuNDs exhibits a highest activity (50 mA cm^?2) and stability toward MOR over 6 h, with respect to CNF/CuNDs (40 mA cm^?2) and PpPD/CuNDs (36 mA cm^?2). This inexpensive catalyst with high catalytic activity and stability is a promising anode catalyst for alkaline DMFC applications.     

Prioritization methodology of dangerous substances for water quality monitoring with scarce data

Monitoring and control of dangerous substances discharged into receiving waters have attracted more attention lately. Since it is not possible to analyze every single substance, a prioritization methodology is needed for the selection of those to be monitored. Existing well-developed models require significant amount of data for reliable outcomes. This paper presents a methodology to prioritize the dangerous substances having adverse effects on freshwaters in Turkey, where data are scarce. Such a methodology will also serve as a solid model for other countries with limited background data. The adopted methodology enabled the elimination of chemicals to generate a candidate list composed of 608 substances among more than 5000 substances. Further screening and prioritization were conducted using different assessment methods (i.e., Total Hazard Value, Total Impact Value, Combined Monitoring-based, and Modelling-based Priority Setting) to obtain a proposed Final Candidate Specific Pollutants List of 150 dangerous substances. The proposed Candidate National Pollutant List of Turkey was established by combining 45 priority pollutants of the European Union with a list of candidate specific pollutants. According to the outcomes of this study, monitoring and controlling of 195 dangerous substances in freshwaters are recommended. Further detailed studies should be conducted in order to observe the actual levels of these dangerous substances in freshwaters followed by a review of the monitoring list accordingly. Moreover, further revisions might be required in the proposed list due to some possible versatile conditions in terms of sampling points (i.e., change in the location of industries).     

Effect of free water removal from early-age hydrated cement pastes on thermal analysis

In order to follow the progress of cement hydration by analytical techniques, the ongoing hydration reactions must be stopped by complete removal of free water. A comparison between solvent exchange, oven drying and vacuum drying, using thermal analysis, is presented for early-age hydrated cement pastes. Results show that oven drying at 105 °C accelerates hydration, causes dehydration of some hydrated cement phases and favours carbonation. Solvent exchange with ethanol, ether and methanol results in a strong absorption and an incomplete removal of solvents. FT-IR and XRD gave evidence of the formation of carbonate-like phases due to an interaction upon heating, i.e. during thermal analysis, between the strongly absorbed solvents and the cement compounds or hydrates. Vacuum drying reveals reliable results as no interaction products can be formed and the Ca(OH)₂ content, determined by thermal analysis, gives a good approximation of the real amount of Ca(OH)₂.     

Thermally exfoliated graphene oxide reinforced fluorinated pentablock poly(l‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) electrospun scaffolds: Insight into antimicrobial activity and biodegradation

Three‐dimensional fluorinated pentablock poly(l ‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone)‐based scaffolds were successfully produced by the incorporation of thermally exfoliated graphene oxide (TEGO) as an antimicrobial agent with an electrospinning technique. In a ring‐opening polymerization, the fluorinated groups in the middle of polymer backbone were attached with a perfluorinated reactive stabilizer having oxygen‐carrying ability. The fiber diameter and its morphologies were optimized through changes in TEGO amount, voltage, polymer concentration, and solvent type to obtain an ideal scaffold structure. Instead of the widely used graphene oxide synthesized by Hummer's method, TEGO sheets having a low amount of oxygen produced by thermal expansion were integrated into the fiber structure to investigate the effect of the oxygen functional groups of TEGO sheets on the degradation and antimicrobial activity of the scaffolds. There was no antimicrobial activity in TEGO‐reinforced scaffolds in the in vitro tests in contrast to the literature. This study confirmed that a low number of oxygen functional groups on the surface of TEGO restricted the antimicrobial activity of the fabricated composite scaffolds. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43490.