Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for critical asthma syndrome: a look at the state of the art

ABSTRACT

Introduction

‘Critical Asthma Syndrome’ (CAS) is an umbrella term proposed to include several forms of asthma, responsible for acute and life-threatening exacerbations. CAS requires urgent and adequate supportive and pharmacological treatments to prevent serious outcomes.     

Switch From Twice-daily Tacrolimus to Once-daily,Prolonged-release Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplantation: Long-term Outcome

Background

One daily dose of tacrolimus (QDT) improves adherence in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. A switch from twice-daily tacrolimus (BDT) to QDT showed similar efficacy and safety.

Septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint successfully treated with arthroscopic lysis and lavage: case report and review of the literature.

Septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is infrequently reported. We present a case of septic arthritis of the TMJ following the extraction of the left upper second molar that occurred 1 week before beginning of symptoms. No evident predisposing factors were detected. Arthroscopic diagnosis of septic arthritis, lysis and lavage, and capsular stretch were performed. Cultures taken from the TMJ space grew Streptococcus sp. After 1 month of antimicrobial therapy the patient was asymptomatic and mandibular function was normal. Literature related to septic arthritis of TMJ and its treatment was reviewed. Different surgical procedures are available to treat this condition. Arthroscopy should be preferred as initial treatment on account of the possibility of drainage and accurate lavage under direct visualization of joint space, at the same time allowing confirmation of diagnostic hypotheses. Improving joint mobility with lysis of adhesions and capsular stretch in an early stage of disease may be helpful in stopping the fibrosis process.     

Coupling of lactose molecules to the carrier protein hinders the spleen and bone marrow uptake of doxorubicin conjugated with human albumin.

Several attempts have been made to enhance doxorubicin (DOXO) concentrations in tumour cells by drug conjugation with human albumin (HSA). HSA-DOXO has the drawback of causing DOXO accumulation in spleen and bone marrow, with a consequent leucopoenia not produced when lactose molecules are coupled to the carrier protein. In the present experiments we demonstrated that the effect of HSA lactosamination is not a consequence of a more rapid disappearance from the bloodstream of the lactosaminated conjugate (L-HSA-DOXO), which is rapidly internalized by the liver through the asialoglycoprotein receptor, but is due to a hindered uptake by spleen and bone marrow cells caused by the coupled lactose molecules. Experiments in vitro showed that HSA-DOXO produced an inhibition of murine macrophage proliferation not caused by L-HSA-DOXO. This result can be explained by higher amounts of the former conjugate entering in these cells and suggests macrophages as the cell type responsible for the spleen and bone marrow internalization of HSA-DOXO hindered by lactose coupling. Importantly, lactosamination of HSA did not reduce the marked uptake of HSA-DOXO by chemically induced rat hepatocellular carcinoma. L-HSA-DOXO, by avoiding DOXO accumulation in bone marrow is an attractive candidate for clinical trials against tumors which were found to actively internalize this conjugate in laboratory animals, such as hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the kidney

Among 315 cases of parenchymal renal carcinoma resected between 1975 and 1985, 19 cases (6 per cent) of sarcomatoid carcinoma were identified. All patients were symptomatic or had a palpable mass in the flank at hospitalization. Tumor stage generally was advanced at operation and metastases were detected in 8 patients (Robson stage IV), all of whom died after an average postoperative survival of 8 months. In 3 patients there was tumor invasion of the renal vein (Robson stage IIIA), and they died after an average postoperative period of 11 months. Of 4 patients with perinephric fat invasion (Robson stage II) 2 died of cancer after an average survival of 15 months and 2 are alive with no evidence of disease for an average of 73 months postoperatively. In these later 2 cases the sarcomatoid areas constituted less than 5 per cent of the entire tumor and the remaining tumor was low grade carcinoma. In 3 patients adequate followup is not available and 1 was lost to followup. This histological variant of parenchymal cell carcinoma is a high grade malignancy with a poor prognosis. Operative treatment appears to be ineffective in modifying the behavior of the tumor.