全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2450篇 |
免费 | 50篇 |
国内免费 | 14篇 |
学科分类
工业技术 | 2514篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 10篇 |
2021年 | 27篇 |
2020年 | 13篇 |
2019年 | 18篇 |
2018年 | 23篇 |
2017年 | 24篇 |
2016年 | 38篇 |
2015年 | 33篇 |
2014年 | 44篇 |
2013年 | 89篇 |
2012年 | 74篇 |
2011年 | 96篇 |
2010年 | 79篇 |
2009年 | 84篇 |
2008年 | 86篇 |
2007年 | 69篇 |
2006年 | 84篇 |
2005年 | 48篇 |
2004年 | 39篇 |
2003年 | 58篇 |
2002年 | 36篇 |
2001年 | 39篇 |
2000年 | 29篇 |
1999年 | 64篇 |
1998年 | 385篇 |
1997年 | 247篇 |
1996年 | 131篇 |
1995年 | 87篇 |
1994年 | 63篇 |
1993年 | 96篇 |
1992年 | 20篇 |
1991年 | 25篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 22篇 |
1976年 | 48篇 |
1973年 | 8篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有2514条查询结果,搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
Previous work has shown that prebreakdown, electrical aging, and breakdown phenomena are directly associated with charge carriers injected from electrical contacts and their subsequent dissociative trapping and recombination. In addition, the energy released from each trapping or recombination event is dissipated in the breaking of the bonds of macromolecules, thus forming free radicals and new traps in the electrically stressed insulating polymers, as predicted by Kao's model. It is this gradual degradation process that leads to electrical aging and destructive breakdown. New experimental results are presented to confirm previous findings and a new approach to inhibit the degradation process by the incorporation of suitable dopants into the polymer. The concentration of free radicals in the polymer increases with an increasing electric field at a fixed stress time of 250 h and with increasing stress time at a fixed electric field of 833 kV cm?1. The concentration of free radicals is directly related to the concentration of new traps created by stress. However, when suitable dopants are incorporated, the initiation voltage for the occurrence of electrical treeing and the breakdown strength are both increased. The dopants tend to create shallow traps and have little effect on the deep trap concentration. This implies that the dopants act as free‐radical scavengers that tend to satisfy the unpaired electrons of the broken bonds, which create new acceptor‐like electron traps and new shallow traps. By doing so, the shallow traps screen the deep traps, thereby reducing the energy released during trapping and recombination and the probability of breaking the macromolecular bonds and causing structural degradation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3416–3425, 2003 相似文献
2.
An evolutionary algorithm for large traveling salesman problems 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Huai-Kuang Tsai Jinn-Moon Yang Yuan-Fang Tsai Cheng-Yan Kao 《IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics》2004,34(4):1718-1729
This work proposes an evolutionary algorithm, called the heterogeneous selection evolutionary algorithm (HeSEA), for solving large traveling salesman problems (TSP). The strengths and limitations of numerous well-known genetic operators are first analyzed, along with local search methods for TSPs from their solution qualities and mechanisms for preserving and adding edges. Based on this analysis, a new approach, HeSEA is proposed which integrates edge assembly crossover (EAX) and Lin-Kernighan (LK) local search, through family competition and heterogeneous pairing selection. This study demonstrates experimentally that EAX and LK can compensate for each other's disadvantages. Family competition and heterogeneous pairing selections are used to maintain the diversity of the population, which is especially useful for evolutionary algorithms in solving large TSPs. The proposed method was evaluated on 16 well-known TSPs in which the numbers of cities range from 318 to 13509. Experimental results indicate that HeSEA performs well and is very competitive with other approaches. The proposed method can determine the optimum path when the number of cities is under 10,000 and the mean solution quality is within 0.0074% above the optimum for each test problem. These findings imply that the proposed method can find tours robustly with a fixed small population and a limited family competition length in reasonable time, when used to solve large TSPs. 相似文献
3.
M Souquet T Restle R Krebs SF Le Grice RS Goody BM W?hrl 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,37(35):12144-12152
4.
The systemic, coronary and regional vascular responses to the K+ATP channel opener lemakalim were compared to other potent vasodilators (i.e., nifedipine, adenosine, nitroglycerin and acetylcholine). Experiments were performed in 12 conscious dogs 2 to 4 weeks after implantation of aortic catheters and flow probes on the ascending aorta, left circumflex coronary, celiac, mesenteric, renal and iliac arteries, and solid-state miniature pressure gauges in the left ventricular cavity. Dose-response curves induced by bolus injection (i.v.) were examined. For doses that reduced total peripheral resistance by 22%, lemakalim reduced celiac (-28 +/- 2%), mesenteric (-24 +/- 3%), renal (-17 +/- 3%) and iliac (-18 +/- 3%) vascular resistances (i.e., by amounts similar to those observed with the other vasodilators, except for adenosine, which increased renal resistance). At these doses, lemakalim induced a greater decrease (-52 +/- 3%) (P < .05) in coronary resistance, as compared with nifedipine (-35 +/- 3%), adenosine (-38 +/- 3%), nitroglycerin (-25 +/- 2%) and acetylcholine (-32 +/- 3%). However, when near maximal vasodilation was elicited, adenosine elicited the greatest (P < .05) decrease in coronary resistance (-81 +/- 1%), as compared with lemakalim (-74 +/- 2%), nifedipine (-67 +/- 2%), nitroglycerin (-63 +/- 2%) and acetylcholine (-72 +/- 1%). Both the time to maximal increases in regional blood flow and the time for recovery in all vascular beds were significantly prolonged for lemakalim compared with the other vasodilators. Thus, the K+ATP channel opener lemakalim dilates the coronary bed out of proportion to other vascular beds, is relatively more potent at lower doses than other vasodilators and exhibits a delayed and more prolonged action in all regional vascular beds. 相似文献
5.
SF Breniere MF Bosseno C Barnabe S Urdaneta-Morales M Tibayrenc 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,88(1):163-165
Detection of a nondistended pyriform sinus on cross-sectional imaging studies represents a diagnostic dilemma. The finding may be an inconstant physiologic phenomenon without clinical significance, or it may be due to tissue thickening and lack of pliability related to neoplasia or inflammation. Rescanning during respiratory maneuvers may clarify the anatomy, but full patient cooperation is needed. We demonstrate a method (turning the patient's head away from the side of the nondistended sinus) that induces distention of the pyriform sinus but does not require active patient participation. 相似文献
6.
SF Zakharov SH Kwok H Sokoloff HT Chang SP Radko A Chrambach 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,19(10):1625-1630
An automated gel electrophoresis apparatus, recently available commercially, allows one to follow the band during electrophoresis in real time, and lends itself therefore to an evaluation of bandwidth as a function of migration time (the dispersion coefficient), resolution and band shape. These determinations assume the constancy of band area with migration time and at various gel concentrations. The purpose of the present study was to verify these assumptions. Representative proteins and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-proteins, either natively fluorescent or fluorescein carboxylate labeled, were found to exhibit band areas which approach constancy as a function of migration time in both agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, provided that (i) the protein concentration under the band was low enough to obviate self-quenching of fluorescence; (ii) the separation of the protein of interest from contaminants had progressed sufficiently during the time at which band areas were measured; (iii) the baseline under the peak was sufficiently well defined. However, band areas decrease with increasing gel concentration. Protein peaks exhibited leading and trailing tails. The ratio of the combined tail area to total area appeared to be near-constant at varying migration times. However, that ratio increases with increasing gel concentration. The tail area does not appear to be an artifact of fluorometric detection since it is reproduced upon fluorimetric analysis of the protein eluted from gel slices after electrophoresis. However, it may be due to photochemical destruction under the conditions of repetitive fluorometric peak detection. 相似文献
7.
8.
This paper presents key findings from a case study on the Grand Coulee Dam conducted by the authors for the World Commission on Dams. The analysis demonstrates that the distribution of project benefits has been tilted in favour of irrigation interests and hydroelectric power users and that the project's major cost bearers have been riparian-based indigenous tribes of the Upper Columbia River. The study identifies lessons learned that are applicable to many large multi-purpose water resources development projects. Within the paper, the impacts of the following factors are discussed: low stakeholder participation in decision making; absence of just compensation to Native Americans and Canadian First Nations adversely affected by the loss of fishery resources; modernization of agricultural technology; differing stakeholder perceptions of project costs and benefits; and changes in values attached to anadromous fish. The lessons highlight the need for careful, broad-based a priori assessments of the irreversible and cumulative impacts of large water resources development projects as well as planned re-evaluations of water allocations and project operations. 相似文献
9.
Effect of deformation route on microstructural development in aluminum processed by equal channel angular extrusion 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Pei-Ling Sun Po-We Kao Chih-Pu Chang 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2004,35(4):1359-1368
Aluminum has been deformed by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) to obtain submicron-grained structures under different
deformation routes. The deformation routes were varied by rotating billets through 0, 90, and 180 deg between each extrusion
pass, and were designated as route A, BC, and C, respectively. Based on quantitative microstructural analysis, the effectiveness of the deformation route is shown
to depend upon the different definition used. The order of effectiveness is (a) A > BC > C for both 90 and 120 deg dies, in terms of the generation of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs); (b) BC > C > A for both 90 and 120 deg dies, in terms of the formation of equiaxed shape of grains; and (c) BC > A > C for 90 deg die and BC ∼ A > C for 120 die, in terms of reducing grain size. It is suggested that the generation of HAGBs can be related to the
accumulation of nonredundant strain, while the shape and orientation of grains may be linked to the shearing patterns of the
deformation route. 相似文献
10.