Inhibitory effect of Cr（Ⅵ） on activities of soil enzymes

To evaluate the influence of various Cr(VI) concentrations (0.05, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 g/kg) on the activity of soil enzymes, the activities of catalase, polyphenol oxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase in soils were investigated in the incubation experiment with a period of 35 d. The results indicate that all the tested Cr(VI) concentrations significantly inhibit dehydrogenase activity by over 70% after 35 d. The activity of alkaline phosphatase is slightly inhibited during the whole experiment except for on the day 7. Cr(VI) has no obvious effect on the activity of catalase in soil. On the contrary, Cr(VI) stimulates the activity of polyphenol oxidase. The results suggest that dehydrogenase activity can be used as an indicator for assessing the severity of chromium pollution. Foundation item: Projects(2006AA06Z374, 2007AA021304) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China; Project(2008SK2007) supported by the Key Program of Science and Technology of Hunan Province, China     

Spatial distribution of chromium in soils contaminated by chromium-containing slag

To evaluate the metal chromium (Cr) contamination of soil at a chromium-containing slag site by ferrochromium production, the contaminated sites, under slag heap, in the vicinity of slag heap and arable soils near the outlet of sewer channel, and unpolluted site 5 km away from one ferroalloy plant in Hunan Province, China, were selected. The concentrations of total Cr and water soluble Cr in bulk soil samples and profile depth samples were determined. The results show that the soils in the vicinity of slag heap have the highest total Cr content followed by the soils under the slag heap and near the outlet of sewer channel of the factory. The mean concentrations of total Cr in the top soils at above three contaminated locations exceed the critical level of Secondary Environmental Quality Standard for Soil in China by 3.5, 5.4 and 1.8 times. In most Cr polluted soils, total Cr has a relative accumulation in soil depth of 40-60 cm, but this trend is not found in unpolluted soils. The average concentrations of water soluble Cr (Ⅵ) in top soils under slag heap and in the vicinity of slag heap are 176.9 times and 52.7 times higher than that in the uncontaminated soils, respectively. However, water soluble Cr (Ⅵ) contents in soils near sewer channel are all low and the values are close to that in the uncontaminated soils. Although water soluble Cr (Ⅵ) content in soil profiles decreases with soil depths, it in soils under slag heap maintains a high level even at a depth of 100-150 cm. The results imply that the transportation of Cr (Ⅵ) can result in a potential risk of groundwater system in this area.     

砷碱渣浸出液氧化脱锑试验

考察了双氧水的加入方式和加入量、反应温度、氧化时间等对砷碱渣浸出液氧化脱锑效果的影响,以及电位与脱锑率的关系。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为:常温、反应时间60min、双氧水加入量为原液体积的0.6%(等价于每克锑17.65 mL)、双氧水进料时间控制在反应的前1/3时间段、反应终点电位-550~-450mV。脱锑率可达到95%以上,氧化后得到的锑酸钠纯度可达到91.83%,达到市售普通锑酸钠的品质要求。该技术突破了价态调控还原浸出液中锑的关键技术。     

几种稻田土壤对铵的矿物固定的动力学与热力学研究

本文采用振荡平衡法研究了紫泥田、河沙泥、灰泥田及红黄泥4种稻田土壤对铵的矿物固定的动力学及热力学特性。结果表明,供试土壤对添加铵的矿物固定速度很快,随着固铵量增多,固铵速度下降,反应后24小时固定基本上达到平衡,不因土壤种类而异。数学拟合结果表明,以一级动力学方程和E lovich方程描述供试土壤对铵的矿物固定资料最优,抛物扩散方程也能较满意地描述实验结果,以零级方程的拟合效果最差。供试土壤对铵的矿物固定的热力学资料均能用一元Langmu ir吸附等温式、Freund lich吸附等温式和Temk in吸附等温式拟合,拟合结果均达极显著水平,但以一元Langmu ir吸附等温式的拟合结果最优,由一元Langmu ir吸附等温式可以求得土壤对铵的矿物固定的热力学平衡常数、最大固铵量以及固铵过程中的自由能变△G°。供试土壤固铵过程的自由能变△G°均为负值,说明供试土壤对铵的矿物固定为一自发过程,4种土壤固铵强度依次为紫泥田>河沙泥>灰泥田>红黄泥。     

Chromium accumulation, microorganism population and enzyme activities in soils around chromium-containing slag heap of steel alloy factory

The environmental risk of chromium pollution is pronounced in soils adjacent to chromate industry. It is important to investigate the functioning of soil microorganisms in ecosystems exposed to long-term contamination by chromium. 45 soil samples obtained from different places of the slag heap in a steel alloy factory were analyzed for chromium contamination level and its effect on soil microorganisms and enzyme activities. The results show that the average concentrations of total Cr in the soil under the slag heap, adjacent to the slag heap and outside the factory exceed the threshold of Secondary Environmental Quality Standard for Soil in China by 354%, 540% and 184%, respectively, and are 15, 21 and 9 times higher than the local background value, respectively. Elevated chromium loadings result in changes in the activity of the soil microbe, as indicated by the negative correlations between soil microbial population and chromium contents. Dehydrogenase activity is greatly depressed by chromium in the soil. The results imply that dehydrogenase activity can be used as an indicator for the chromium pollution level in the area of the steel alloy factory.     

土著微生物原位修复铬渣堆场污染土壤的条件优化

通过对培养基的优化,提出并研究直接添加培养基激活土著微生物的活性来进行铬渣堆场污染土壤的原位微生物修复新方法,并探讨土壤环境对土著微生物修复Cr(Ⅵ)效果的影响.研究表明:在每千克土壤中碳源葡萄糖投加量为5 g、氮源化合物A投加量为5 g、温度为30℃、土与液质量比为1:1的情况下,土著微生物可被迅速激活,在第4天时能基本去除土壤的中水溶性Cr(Ⅵ)；培养基初始pH值和不添加无机盐氯化钠不影响其修复效果.     

某铅锌矿区土壤重金属形态分布及污染风险评价

对某铅锌矿区土壤的铅、镉、锌、铜和镍的污染特征进行了研究。结果表明,5种重金属的污染程度依次为：镉〉铅〉锌〉镍〉铜,其中铅、镉和锌的浓度超过了国家土壤环境质量标准Ⅲ的浓度限值。土壤受镉污染极大,受锌污染中度至严重,受铅污染严重至极严重。BCR顺序提取形态分析结果表明,活性镉、铅和锌的含量较高,可能对土壤中的植物生长产生不利影响,而铜和镍以相对稳定的形式存在。潜在生态危害结果表明,镉污染导致土壤潜在着极大的生态风险,应当引起重视。     

湖南省几种主要类型土壤反射光谱的剖面变化特性

通过野外采样和室内测定,研究了湖南省主要类型土壤反射光谱的剖面变化特性。结果表明,同一土壤剖面中不同土层的反射光谱曲线形态基本上是一致的;经统计分析得出,在每个自然土壤剖面中,各土层420nm处的的光谱反射率均与土壤游离氧化铁含量之间存在着线性负相关性,620-660nm波段的平均光谱反射率与土壤有机质含量呈幂函数负相关性。     

银电解精炼的清洁生产的实践

以银电解精炼企业清洁生产审核为例,分析了企业物料平衡和产排污现状,与国内外银电解精炼技术经济指标对比,分析企业清洁生产水平,挖掘企业清洁生产潜力。提出无／低费方案20项,实施了形低费方案16项,实施率为80％,累计投资1．42万元,获得经济效益初步估算为2．8万形年。计划实施形低费方案4项,预计投资5．1万元,预计经济效益6．2万形年。     

有色金属矿区土壤Pb、Zn、Cd污染评价及形态分布研究

以郴州废弃矿区土壤为研究对象,对矿区所采集的12个土壤样品进行重金属含量调查及综合污染程度分析,并采用地累积指数法对重金属污染程度进行评价.结果表明,土样中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的平均含量分别为:3 149.36 mg/kg、3 848.75 mg/kg、26.74 mg/kg.Zn和Cd达到极严重污染程度,Pb达到强污染严重水平.采用BCR连续提取法对土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd三种重金属元素的形态进行分析,结果表明Pb主要以可还原态存在,Zn主要以残渣态存在,Cd主要以弱酸提取态存在.