Related Fritz Carlson type inequalities for Sugeno integrals

In this paper, two general related inequalities to Carlson type inequality for the Sugeno integrals on an abstract fuzzy measure space $(X, \mathcal{F})$ are studied. Several examples are given to illustrate the validity of these inequalities.     

Critical power as an endurance index

The relationship between exhaustion time (t(lim)) and the work performed at the end of constant-power exercises can be described by a linear relationship (Wlim = a + b t(lim)) for work involving the whole body (eg cycling) or part of the body (eg knee extensions). The slope b in the equation is termed the critical power and has been proposed as an index of the capacity to perform work over a long period of time. The first objective of the present study was to compare the values of slopes b calculated from whole-body work of short duration, ie maximal and supra-maximal cycling exercises (slope b1), with the values calculated from the same work, the durations of which were between 3.5 and 35 min (slope b3), as in the protocols used by Scherrer and Monod (1960) for body-part work. Slope b1 was significantly higher than slope b3 in 10 subjects who performed 5 cycling exhausting exercises (60, 73, 86, 100 and 120% of maximal aerobic power (MAP) in watts). Exhaustion times corresponding to power outputs equivalent to b1 and b3 were equal to 29.0 +/- 19.1 min and 48.6 +/- 9.8 min respectively. Moreover, the exhaustion times at 60 and 73%,MAP were significantly correlated with slope b3 (expressed in %MAP) but not with slope b1. Consequently, slope b3 should be considered as the critical power instead of slope b1 as in some studies in the literature (Moritani et al, 1981). The second objective was to study the physiological significance of the critical power (slope b3) of whole-body work (cycling). The workload that corresponded to a lactate steady state was not significantly different from b3 (68.8 +/- 6.0 vs 68.7 +/- 6.3% MAP). Nevertheless, slope b3 represents a workload corresponding to a slight but significant drift of heart rate or oxygen uptake. These results probably explain why b3 is a power which can be maintained for a long time but not beyond about l h in an average subject.     

Medium access control layer management for saving energy in wireless sensor networks routing algorithms

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of small nodes that are capable of sensing, computing, and communication. One of the greatest challenges in WSNs is the limitation of energy resources in nodes. This limitation applies to all of the protocols and algorithms that are used in these networks. Routing protocols in these networks should be designed considering this limitation. Many papers have been published examining low energy consumption networks. One of the techniques that has been used in this context is cross-layering. In this technique, to reduce the energy consumption, layers are not independent but they are related to each other and exchange information with each other. In this paper, a cross-layer design is presented to reduce the energy consumption in WSNs. In this design, the communication between the network layer and medium access layer has been established to help the control of efforts to access the line to reduce the number of failed attempts. In order to evaluate our proposed design, we used the NS2 software for simulation. Then, we compared our method with a cross-layer design based on an Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing algorithm. Simulation results show that our proposed idea reduces energy consumption and it also improves the packet delivery ratio and decreases the end-to-end delay in WSNs.     

Organic Additives for the Enhancement of Laminar Flow in a Brain‐Vessels‐Like Microchannel Assembly

Organic polymers were extracted from okra, aloe vera, and hibiscus leaves and used as drag‐reducing additives (DRAs) to enhance the laminar flow in custom‐made microchannels that simulate the human brain vessels. The experiment was conducted using an open‐loop microfluidic system. The flow enhancement performance was evaluated as the function of percentage of flow increment of mucilage additives at different concentrations. Okra mucilage showed greater flow enhancement performance at higher mucilage concentration while both aloe vera and hibiscus mucilage performed better at lower additive concentration. The findings prove the potential of these organic polymers as DRAs to enhance the blood flow.     

Polyolefin elastomer grafted unsaturated hindered phenol esters: synthesis and antioxidant behavior

Monomeric antioxidants are synthesized from esterification of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with unsaturated fatty alcohols. The antioxidant activity is evaluated both in blending and radical grafting processes. The effect of chain length and phenolic group is investigated on efficiency of antioxidants. It is demonstrated that the esters of 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid exhibit significantly longer induction time. The results of radical grafting reaction shows synthesized antioxidants can be successfully grafted onto polymer chains and the phenolic moiety is functional after extraction process, while pure and commercially stabilized samples are degraded instantaneously. Also, different initiator systems are utilized to enhance the extent of grafting. Among MEK, DCP, and DHBP peroxides, DHBP can be more effective in increasing the antioxidant grafted onto polymer. In addition, possibility of rising in graft content is investigated in presence of redox initiator. Using this approach, polymer-bound antioxidant with prolonged thermal stability can be achieved.     

Indirect Synthesis of Bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl2 Metallocene Catalyst,Kinetic Study and Modeling of Ethylene Polymerization

Bis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride (bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl₂) catalyst was synthesized via the preparation of bis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dimethyl (bis(2‐PhInd)ZrMe₂) followed by chlorination to obtain the catalyst. Performance of the catalyst for ethylene polymerization and its kinetic behavior were investigated. Activity of the catalyst increased as the [Al]:[Zr] molar ratio increased to 2333:1, followed by reduction at higher ratios. The maximum activity of the catalyst was obtained at a polymerization temperature of 60 °C. The rate‐time profile of the reaction was of a decay type under all conditions. A general kinetic scheme was modified by considering a reversible reaction of latent site formation, and used to predict dynamic polymerization rate and viscosity average molecular weight of the resulting polymer. Kinetic constants were estimated by the Nelder‐Mead numerical optimization algorithm. It was shown that any deviation from the general kinetic behavior can be captured by the addition of the reversible reaction of latent site formation. Simulation results were in satisfactory agreement with experimental data.     

Effect of Melt-to-Solid Insert Volume Ratio on Mg/Al Dissimilar Metals Bonding

Compound casting is used as a process to join various similar and dissimilar metallic couples. The ratio of melt-to-solid volume is one of the main factors that can affect the contact time between melt and the solid insert. In this investigation, magnesium and aluminum metals (magnesium as the cast metal and aluminum as the solid insert) having melt-to-solid volume ratios (V _m/V _s) of 1.25, 3, and 5.25 were successfully bonded via compound casting. Results demonstrated that by increasing the ratio of V _m/V _s from 1.25 to 5.25, the thickness of the reaction interface between Al and Mg varies within the range of 200 to 1800 μm. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Vickers microhardness study of the bonding of these two metals showed that the interface consisted of three separate sub-layers within reaction layer. These sub-layers had higher hardness than those of the Al and Mg bulk metals. In all specimens, composition of the sub-layer adjacent to Al (layer I) was Al₃Mg₂ and that adjacent to Mg (layer III) was Al₁₂Mg₁₇/(Mg) eutectic structure. The intermediate layer composition (layer II) in specimens with volume ratio of 1.25 and 3 was a single-phase Al₁₂Mg₁₇, while for the case of volume ratio 5.25 this sub-layer consisted of Al₁₂Mg₁₇/(Mg) eutectic dispersed in Al₁₂Mg₁₇ intermetallic. The results of this research showed that in low melt/solid volume ratios, diffusion-reaction was the dominant mechanism for formation of Al-Mg intermetallic. However, when V _m/V _s and the melt/solid insert contact time increased, the dominant mechanism of Al-Mg intermetallics changed to fusion-solidification due to increase in surface melting of the solid insert. Also the results of push-out tests showed that shear strengths of the interface decrease from 27.1 to 15.1 and 8.3 MPa for the Al/Mg couples prepared at 1.25, 3, and 5.25 V _m/V _s respectively.     

Phase formation in a Ni-50Cr HVOF coating

A complex, fine scale microstructure of non-equilibrium phases is obtained by HVOF deposition of Ni-50Cr alloy due to the rapid cooling experienced by the splats which make up the as-deposited coatings. XRD analyses indicated that the as-deposited coatings consisted predominantly of a single fcc γ-Ni phase. Two small peaks suggested the presence of NiO and/or NiCr₂O₄ at the limit of detection (∼ 5%). Shoulders on the main γ-Ni peaks were interpreted as evidence of a second, lower Cr content γ-Ni phase. Characterization of the oxide content of the as-deposited coatings by X-ray diffraction, image analysis of backscattered electron images, and electron probe microanalysis yielded conflicting results due to the size of the microstructural features present relative to the spatial resolution of these techniques. Due to the nature and feature size of the non-equilibrium oxide phase(s), direct measurement of the oxygen content by EPMA was found to be the most accurate technique. Heat treatment of an as-deposited coating at 650 °C in vacuum resulted in coarsening of the microstructural features, and an approach towards a mixture of equilibrium phases consisting of γ-Ni, α-Cr, and Cr₂O₃. Evidence was also seen in the XRD pattern of an intermetallic σ phase that has previously only been reported in thin films of Ni-Cr alloys.     

Schiff base complex of Cu immobilized on MCM-41 as reusable catalyst for efficient oxidative coupling of thiols and oxidation of sulfides using hydrogen peroxide

Schiff base complex of copper-functionalized MCM-41 (Cu-complex@MCM-41) was synthesized and used as an efficient and novel heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidative coupling of thiols into corresponding disulfides and oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as the oxidant. An aliphatic and aromatic series of sulfides and thiols including various functional groups were successfully converted into corresponding products. The all products were obtained in good to excellent yields. The mesoporous catalyst is characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, BET, XRD, SEM, EDS and TGA. Recovery of the catalyst is easily achieved by simple filtration and reused for several consecutive runs without significant loss of its catalytic efficiency.