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This paper updates a method for generating small, accurate kinetic models for applications in computational fluid dynamics programs. This particular method first uses a time-integrated flux-based algorithm to generate the smallest possible skeletal model based on the detailed kinetic model. Then, it uses a multi-stage optimization process in which multiple runs of a genetic algorithm are used to optimize the rate constant parameters of the retained reactions. This optimization technique provides the user with the flexibility needed to balance the fidelity of the model with their time constraints. The updated method was applied to the reduction of a methane-air model under conditions meant to approximate the end of a compression stroke of an internal combustion engine. When compared to previous techniques, the results showed that this method could produce a more accurate model in considerably less time. The best model obtained in this study resulted in relative errors ranging from 0.22 to 1.14% on all six optimization targets. This reduced model was also able to adequately predict optimization targets for certain operating conditions, which were not included in the optimization process.

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This paper presents a new 3D culture microtechnology for high throughput production of tumor spheroids and validates its utility for screening anti‐cancer drugs. Two immiscible polymeric aqueous solutions are used and a submicroliter drop of the “patterning” phase containing cells is microprinted into a bath of the “immersion” phase. Selecting proper formulations of biphasic systems using a panel of biocompatible polymers results in the formation of a round drop that confines cells to facilitate spontaneous formation of a spheroid without any external stimuli. Adapting this approach to robotic tools enables straightforward generation and maintenance of spheroids of well‐defined size in standard microwell plates and biochemical analysis of spheroids in situ, which is not possible with existing techniques for spheroid culture. To enable high throughput screening, a phase diagram is established to identify minimum cell densities within specific volumes of the patterning drop to result in a single spheroid. Spheroids show normal growth over long‐term incubation and dose‐dependent decrease in cellular viability when treated with drug compounds, but present significant resistance compared to monolayer cultures. The unprecedented ease of implementing this microtechnology and its robust performance will benefit high throughput studies of drug screening against cancer cells with physiologically relevant 3D tumor models.  相似文献   
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The performance of several explicit and implicit time advancement schemes of first-order ODEs are examined for heat wave simulation with different boundary conditions. It is found that the boundary conditions have a considerable influence on the stiffness property of the hyperbolic heat conduction equation, due to the occurrence of thermal shock waves, and hence, according to the type of the enforced boundary conditions, a specific time integration scheme has to be performed in order to obtain an accurate and efficient solution. The results of the considered time integration schemes are also compared with analytical solution and based on the obtained results, some recommendations regarding the numerical simulation of hyperbolic heat conduction are presented.  相似文献   
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Surface deformation generated during hydrocarbon production, and waste or water reinjection, can be used to indirectly monitor subsurface deformation sources. Forward and inverse models previously studied are mostly based on the nucleus of strain approach and are focused on measurements of vertical or horizontal deformations. The main objective of this study was to reconstruct subsurface deformations based on the unidirectional deformation technique and using combinations of tilt values as well as vertical displacements. A new numerical model was therefore developed. In order to stabilize the inverse ill-posed problem, a regularization method was developed in this study.One objective of this study was to determine the most suitable surface deformation data set resulting in the best inverse simulation. A detailed analysis was therefore performed. Tilt measurements were found to be more suitable data for inverse modeling compared to vertical displacements: tilts result in a better resolution (smaller root mean square error (RMSE)). Moreover, the inverse simulation was found to be significantly less sensitive to measurement errors when tilt values were used as input data: adding 0.55% error to the surface vertical displacement values increased the RMSE by more than 13 times, whereas, adding 20% error to the tilt values increased the RMSE by a factor of 7. Furthermore, the number of benchmarks could considerably be reduced without affecting the inverse solution significantly when using tilt measurements.  相似文献   
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Among microencapsulation techniques used in food production, nanoliposomes are known to be one of the most interesting methods for the encapsulation of flavours, essential oils, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, micro‐organisms, redox agents, colourants, antioxidants and antimicrobials. Research has also been conducted on possible applications of nanoliposomes in cheese production by the encapsulation of ferrous glycinate, ferrous sulphate, antioxidants, nisin, β‐galactosidase and cheese‐ripening enzymes. In this article, nanoliposome application in cheese production has been reviewed under three main themes, namely (i) acceleration of cheese ripening, (ii) fortification of cheese with vitamins and minerals and (iii) increasing shelf life of cheese products. Various aspects of nanoliposome application in cheese technology including currently available preparation methods, efficiency of nanoliposomal enzymes, their effects on the acceleration of cheese ripening as well as rheological and chemical properties of the cheese curd are discussed.  相似文献   
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Food Science and Biotechnology - This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of beverage emulsions containing crocetin as a functional ingredient. The effect of different...  相似文献   
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In this paper, the (2+1)-dimensional hyperbolic heat conduction equation is analytically solved under the influence of arbitrary initial conditions for a rectangular plate with homogeneous boundary conditions of first-kind. The temperature field is obtained as a double Fourier series. The presented solution is valid even for discontinuous but integrable initial conditions. Afterwards, the solution is generalized by means of a transformation to cover problems with inhomogeneous first-kind boundary conditions. Another interesting issue is that the obtained solution can be considered as a solution to the Klein–Gordon equation under the influence of arbitrary initial conditions by means of a simple transformation.  相似文献   
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In recent years, risk and reliability techniques have been increasingly used to optimize deterministic requirements and to improve the operational safety of nuclear power stations. This paper discusses the historical development and current status of implementation of real-time operational safety monitoring tools in the nuclear power industry worldwide. A safety monitor is defined as a PC-based risk management tool, based on a plant specific PSA, which can be used to manage plant safety during the day-to-day operation of a nuclear power plant by planning maintenance activities and providing advisory information to plant operational staff in order to avoid high risk plant configurations. As this technique has only been applied in a few plants worldwide, the technology is still evolving and there are several technical and implementation-related issues which still need to be resolved. This paper attempts to summarize all such issues and describe how they have been addressed in several different applications of this technology around the world.  相似文献   
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