Effect of 8 MeV electron irradiation on electrical properties of CuInSe2 thin films

Radiation damages due to 8 MeV electron irradiation in electrical properties of CuInSe₂ thin films have been investigated. The n-type CuInSe₂ films in which the carrier concentration was about 3×10¹⁶ cm⁻³, were epitaxially grown on a GaAs(0 0 1) substrate by RF diode sputtering. No significant change in the electrical properties was observed under the electron fluence <3×10¹⁶ e cm⁻². As the electron fluence exceeded 10¹⁷ e cm⁻², both the carrier concentration and Hall mobility slightly decreased. The carrier removal rate was estimated to be about 0.8 cm⁻¹, which is slightly lower than that of III–V compound materials.     

Thermal strain of high strength polyethylene fiber in low temperature

High strength polyethylene fiber (Toyobo, Dyneema® fiber: hereinafter abbreviated to DF) has a negative thermal expansion coefficient. Relation between fiber structure and thermal strain of DF used as reinforcement of DF reinforced plastic (DFRP) for cryogenic use was investigated. The crystallinities and orientation angles of several kinds of polyethylene fibers having different modulus from 15 to 134Gpa (herein after abbreviated to DFs) were measured by NMR and X‐ray. We obtained the parameters of the mechanical series‐parallel model composed of crystal and amorphous by crystallinity and modulus. Thermal expansion coefficients of DFs were estimated by mechanical series‐parallel model. All DFs having different modulus showed negative thermal expansion coefficients in the temperature range from 180 to 300K, and absolute values of those markedly increased by increasing tensile modulus of DF. The estimated thermal expansion coefficients showed negative values, and thermal strains showed a similar curve to observed ones mostly. Average thermal expansion coefficients in the temperature range from 180 to 300K estimated by mechanical model agreed with the observed ones. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2918–2925, 2004     

Investigation of Ozone Loss Rate Influenced by the Surface Material of a Discharge Chamber

Decay characteristics of ozone concentration in oxygen in a chamber with three types of wall material (stainless steel, copper, and aluminum) are measured using the 254 nm photoabsorption method. Effective lifetimes of ozone are estimated from decay curves of ozone concentration. These values depend on the wall material: They are largest for stainless steel and smallest for aluminum. The relationship between effective lifetime and gas pressure is investigated precisely to determine three values. The equivalent diffusion coefficient of ozone in oxygen and the reflection coefficient of ozone at the wall correspond to the loss rate of ozone at the wall. The collisional loss (quenching) rate coefficient of ozone in oxygen is also determined.     

Hydrogen entry into steel during atmospheric corrosion process

Hydrogen entry and permeation into iron were measured by an electrochemical method during atmospheric corrosion reaction. The hydrogen permeation was enhanced on passive films because the hydrogen adsorption increased by the hydrogen evolution mechanism which is different from that on a bear iron surface. The permeation rate during a wet and dry corrosion cycle showed a maximum in the drying process depending upon the surface pH and the corrosion potential. The pollutant such as Na₂SO₃ which decreases the pH and the corrosion potential causes an increase in the permeation rate. The mechanism of the change in the permeation rate during the wet and dry cycles is explained by the polarization diagram of the electrode covered by thin water layer.     

MgATP-induced conformational changes in a single myosin molecule observed by atomic force microscopy: periodicity of substructures in myosin rods

This paper discusses the conformational changes in a single myosin molecule directly observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The myosin molecules were pretreated in rigor solutions without MgATP or in relaxed solutions with various concentrations of MgATP. The images of these molecules were obtained using a tapping mode AFM. The results indicate that the orientation of the myosin's heads and tail strongly depend on the MgATP concentration. Without using MgATP, almost all of the myosin molecules are in the extended form; however, when MgATP is used, the molecules bend according to the level of MgATP concentration. The mean-square end-to-end distance of the myosin molecules is significantly shorter with p[MgATP] = 4 than with p[MgATP] = 6. The rod region did not show the same level of intensity along their length in the extended form. The rods exhibited clusters of discontinuity, which were identified as substructures. The size of these substructures change at intervals that are multiples of 14.3-14.5 nm, which reflects the periodicity of the alpha-helical coiled coils. The substructure clusters also correspond to the myosin crossbridge spacing in muscles (14.3 or 43 nm). These results suggest that the myosin's head bends in conjunction with the bending or tilting in the helical substructures. Conformational changes of the myosin molecule induced by MgATP seem to mimic the molecular motions in a muscle's force generation process.     

Significant Roles of Regulatory T Cells and Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in Hepatitis B Virus Persistent Infection and Hepatitis B Virus-Related HCCs

The adaptive immune system, including type1 helper T cells (Th1 cells), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and dendritic cells (DCs), plays an important role in the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV). On the other hand, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) suppress the immune reaction in HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Excessive activation of immune suppressive cells could contribute to the persistent infection of HBV and the progression of HCC. The frequency and/or function of Tregs could affect the natural course in chronic hepatitis B patients and the treatment response. In addition to the suppressive function of MDSCs, MDSCs could affect the induction and function of Tregs. Therefore, we should understand in detail the mechanism by which Tregs and MDSCs are induced to control HBV persistent infection and HBV-related HCC. Immune suppressive cells, including Tregs and MDSCs, contribute to the difficulty in inducing an effective immune response for HBV persistent infection and HBV-related HCC. In this review, we focus on the Tregs and MDSCs that could be potential targets for immune therapy of chronic hepatitis B and HBV-related HCC.     

Analysis of solute distribution in dendrites of carbon steel with δ/γ transformation during solidification

Solute distribution in dendrites during solidification of carbon steel was analyzed by unidirectional solidification experiments and mathematical analysis. The characteristic of the mathematical analysis is that diffusion of solutes in solid and redistribution of solutes at solid/liquid andδ/γ interfaces are taken into consideration. Based on the observed and calculated results, it was found that phosphorus was redistributed fromγ-phase toδ-phase, and that manganese was slightly redistributed fromδ-phase toγ-phase. Therefore the concentrated region of phosphorus can be separated from that of manganese duringδ/γ transformation in the case of slow cooling. Moreover, it was concluded that rapid diffusion inδ-phase and the redistribution duringδ/γ transformation played an important role in the variation of the interdendritic concentrations of solutes with lower carbon concentration.