On the prediction of the roundness error in BTA deep hole machining based on the stochastic description of the cutting tool motion

This paper presents a methodology of predicting the maximum possible out-of-roundness of the hole produced, in BTA deep hole machining, as a function of certain machining parameters. Based on the solutions of the stochastic differential equations representing the machine tool-workpiece system in BTA deep hole machining, and the true cutting tool motion, an index describing the upper bound of the roundness error is defined. A parametric analysis of the out-of-roundness index is carried out. This analysis points out that at a low length-to-diameter ratio of the cutting tool, the axial force is the predominant factor causing the tool-tip deviation from the ideal motion, and that the radial and tangential forces are the major causes for the tool tip deviation at high length-to-diameter ratio of the cutting tool. The experimental measurement of out-of-roundness of the specimens under different machining conditions shows that the roundness error obtained lies within the zone described by the theoretical prediction.     

Measurements of radar backscatter from an artificial tree: an indication of azimuthal variations and polarization sensitivity of trees

Abstract

Measurements of radar backscatter from an artificial tree were made in the laboratory at 6 and 10 GHz at horizontal incidence. The system had a resolution cylinder 18 cm in diameter and 11 cm long, so about half of the tree (30.5 cm high) was within the beam. The mean returned power from the target with leaves was always higher than that from the target without leaves, as expected. The signal faded with an exponential distribution when the artificial tree was rotated about its trunk, with no angular trend apparent. When the leaves were present, tilted polarizations gave results favouring an angle corresponding with that of the branches. When leaves were absent, the trunk of the tree dominated the radar backscatter at all polarizations.     

Double Direct Shear Test for Potato Texture

A double direct shear device was developed to examine shear strength parameters of mealy and waxy potatoes. Cohesion and coefficients of friction were measured at peak and ultimate shear with two machine speeds. Coefficients of friction of potato types did not differ. However, mealy potatoes displayed greater cohesion than waxy potatoes and a greater difference between peak and ultimate cohesion values. Stem ends of mealy potatoes were the most firm. Shear strength was related to strain rate.     

EFFECT OF ACID ADAPTATION AND DIFFERENT SALT CONCENTRATIONS ON SURVIVAL OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN TURKISH WHITE CHEESE

ABSTRACT

Survival of acid‐adapted and nonacid adapted Listeria monocytogenes in Turkish white cheese with different salt concentrations (3.8 and 6.7% NaCl) was investigated. Cheese blocks were inoculated with L. monocytogenes and stored at 4C for 15 days. Samples were taken on different days and analyzed for the numbers of the pathogen, and the samples were challenged with simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for determining acid tolerance. There was no significant differences between the numbers of acid‐adapted and nonadapted L. monocytogenes cells regardless of the salt concentration on sampling days (P > 0.05). Challenge in SGF revealed that there was no significant difference between acid‐adapted and nonadapted bacteria in cheese with 3.8% NaCl throughout the storage period, while significant (P < 0.05) differences between those cells in cheese with 6.7% NaCl were found after day 5. These results suggest that acid‐adapted L. monocytogenes exposed to high salt concentration such as 6.7% may have an advantage in SGF.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Evaluation of potential stress responses of pathogens in food is important to understand the behavior of pathogens that can survive under stresses. As an environmental contaminant, Listeria monocytogenes may acquire adaptation to low acid conditions in cheese plants. Our results suggested that although there was no significant difference between acid‐adapted and nonadapted cells both in industrial (3.8% salt) and traditional (6.7% salt) white cheese, salt concentration significantly affected the survival of acid‐adapted cells in simulated gastric fluid (pH 2.3). These findings may indicate that L. monocytogenes, which is adapted to acid before contaminating high salt cheeses, may survive in stomach and cause infection. It can be said that increased salt concentration in cheese may not provide a barrier against acid‐adapted L. monocytogenes.

     

碱性果胶酶产生菌Bacillus claussi XJU-8的分离鉴定及酶学特性分析

从新疆石河子市一处工业污水(pH11.0)中分离到一株碱性果胶酶产生菌,编号XJU-8。应用形态学检测、生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列分析、系统进化分析对菌株进行多相鉴定。XJU-8可在pH5.0～13.0的LB培养基上生长,最适生长温度37℃。16S rDNA序列构建的系统进化树表明XJU-8与Bacillus claussi类聚在一起,而且序列同源性高达99%以上。XJU-8与B.claussi GMBAE 42在氧化酶,柠檬酸盐利用和水解Tween-40、Tween-60上有差异,且XJU-8有宽范围pH值耐受性,被认为是B.claussi的一个新品系。该菌产生的碱性果胶酶最适pH10.0,最适温度50℃,在pH9.0～12.0有较高活性和稳定性。酶活性可被Ca2+盐激活。XJU-8所产碱性果胶酶特性良好,工业应用潜能巨大。     

Study of optical properties of pure and MoO3-doped polyvinyl alcohol films irradiated with γ-rays

Cast thin films of pure and MoO3-doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have been prepared. The optical transmission spectra in ultraviolet to near-infrared regions are investigated before and after irradiation by different doses of γ-rays in the range 102 to 107 Gy. The analysis of transmission spectra showed that the intensity of the bands is remarkably affected by both dopant concentration and γ-irradiation doses. The disappearance of the transmission band at 265 nm in 1.0 wt% and 2.0 wt% MoO3 is attributed to the structural change due to dopant. It was found that doping with molybdenum oxide results in an additional band at 600 nm. The optical energy gap and band tail of pure and MoO3-doped PVA samples at different γ-doses are estimated. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.