Experimental investigation of phenolic wastewater treatment using combined activated carbon and UV processes

Experimental investigation shows that UV/hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) oxidation of a more concentrated phenolic wastewater can lead to economical savings. The savings can be achieved by the lower amount of H₂O₂ required and time needed to treat the wastewater. Phenolic wastewater can be concentrated by treating the bulk wastewater with activated carbon. The concentrated wastewater that is generated from activated carbon regeneration (assumed to be fully regenerated by steam) can then be treated with UV/H₂O₂. Experimental results show that H₂O₂ concentration goes through an optimum value where adding any more H₂O₂ will result in less effective removal of contaminants. Conductivity of treated wastewater increases sharply then drops down. This could be attributed to the presence of high molecular compounds, inorganic acids, and OH radicals.     

A comparative study on the effects of material blending method on the physico‐mechanical properties of WPCs made from MDF dust

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of material ‐ blending method and filler content on the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF) dust/PP composites. In the sample tests preparation, 40, 50, and 60 wt % of MDF dust were used as lignocellulosic material. Test samples were made to measure the influence of material ‐ blending method and MDF dust content on water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), tensile strength, tensile modulus, and withdrawal strengths of fasteners. The mechanical properties of the test panels significantly decreased with increasing MDF dust contents due to the reduction of interface bond between the fiber and polymer matrix. The WA and TS values also increased by increasing the amount of MDF dust. So with the increase in the MDF dust content, there are more water residence (high hydroxyl groups (? OH) of cellulose and hemicelluloses) sites, thus more water is absorbed, so it can reduce mechanical strength. Furthermore, the results indicated that the physical and mechanical properties of samples made with melt ‐ blend method were more acceptable than those of dry ‐ blend method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs also showed that the polymer and the filler phase mixed better in the melt ‐ blend method. On the basis of the findings of this research, it appears evident that certain amount of MDF dust material with suitable material ‐ blending method can be used in manufacturing of wood–plastic composites for providing good physical and mechanical properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40513.     

A comparative study on some properties of wood plastic composites using canola stalk,Paulownia, and nanoclay

In this research, the reinforcing effect of fillers including canola stalk, paulownia and nanoclay, in polypropylene (PP) has been investigated. In the sample preparation, 50 wt% of lignocellulosic materials and 0, 3, and 5 wt% of nanoclay particles were used. The results showed that while flexural and tensile properties were moderately enhanced by the addition of nanoclay in the matrix, notched Izod impact strengths decreased dramatically. However, with increase in the nanoclay content (5 wt%), the flexural and tensile properties decreased considerably. The mechanical properties of composites filled with paulownia are generally greater than canola stalk composites, due to the higher aspect ratio. The thickness swelling and water absorption of the composites significantly decreased with the increase in nanoclay loading. Except tensile modulus, the differences between the type of fibrous materials and nanoclay contents had significant influence on physicomechanical properties. Morphologies of the composites were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and the results showed increased d‐spacing of clay layers indicating enhanced compatibility among PP, clay, and lignocellulosic material. TEM micrographs also confirmed that the composites containing 3 wt% nanoclay had uniform dispersion and distribution of clay layers in the polymer matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

The manufacture of particleboards using mixture of reed (surface?layer) and commercial species (middle layer)

This research was conducted to investigate the suitability of reed (Arundo donax) as a substitute for wood in laboratory made 3-layer particleboard in order to supplement the supply of raw material for the Iranian particleboard industries. The ratio of the mixture of reed and wood particles were 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60, respectively, in the surface and middle layers. Press temperatures were chosen at two levels of 165 and 185?°C. Three levels of urea formaldehyde resin were selected for the surface layers, namely: 8, 10, and 12 percent. The experimental panels were tested for their mechanical strength including modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding (IB) and physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) according to the procedure in DIN 68763. In general, the results show that reed has a positive effect on the mechanical and physical properties of boards. In this research, the treatment with 40% reed, 12% resin in the surface layers and a 185?°C press temperature has resulted in an optimum reed board product.     

The effects of extremes and temporal scale on multifractal properties of river flow time series

For accurate forecasting of extreme events in rivers, streamflow time series with sub‐daily temporal resolution (1–6 hour) are preferable, but discharge time series for long rivers are usually available at daily or monthly resolution. In this study, the scaling properties of hourly and daily streamflow time series were measured. As an innovation, the effects of extreme values on the multifractal behavior of these series were evaluated. Interestingly, both hourly and daily discharge records led to nearly identical scaling trends and identical crossover times. Daily and hourly discharge time series appeared to be non‐stationary when the timescale ranged from 75 to 366 days. Otherwise, the signals may be considered stationary time series. In addition, the results indicated that the extreme values strongly contribute to the multifractality of the series. The width of singularity spectra decreased considerably when the extreme events were removed from both hourly and daily discharge records.     

Photoreactor design and CFD modelling of a UV/H2O2 process for distillery wastewater treatment

A pseudo‐kinetic model for the treatment of a distillery wastewater by the ultraviolet irradiation and hydrogen peroxide process in a continuous tubular photoreactor is developed. There is a scarcity of information on modelling of organic degradation rates based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) in advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs). In this study, the COD and TOC are used as surrogate parameters to design a photoreactor instead of individual concentrations of species. The rate constants for the reaction between COD and TOC with hydroxyl radicals were determined to be 4.9 × 10⁹ and 5.0 × 10⁶ M^?1 s^?1, respectively. A laminar flow model was simulated to estimate the velocity and residence time of the medium in a cylindrical photoreactor. The model was validated by the experimental data published in the open literature for different concentrations of H₂O₂ (1, 10, and 100 mM), COD (589, 709, and 850 mg O₂ L^?1), and TOC (190, 200, and 192 mg C L^?1). The optimal value of the inlet hydrogen peroxide concentration was predicted to be 400 mg L^?1. Axial and radial concentration distributions of species in the photoreactor were also obtained. At different photoreactor radii (from 50 to 200 mm), the values of radial local volumetric rate of energy absorption (LVREA) were estimated. It was found that a higher LVREA was achieved in the photoreactor space at smaller radii. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Photolytic treatment of organic constituents and bacterial pathogens in secondary effluent of synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater

The reduction and degradation of total organic carbon (TOC) and bacteria from a secondary effluent of synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater using vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) processes and their combination (UV-C/VUV and VUV/UV-C) were investigated. The TOC removal rates under continuous mode operation ranged from 5.5 to 6.2%. In addition, the treatment with the UV-C/H₂O₂ and VUV/H₂O₂ processes under continuous mode operation doubled the TOC removal rates 10.8 and 12.2%, respectively. The optimum molar ratio of H₂O₂/TOC was found to be 2.5 and 1.5 for the UV-C and VUV processes, respectively. It was observed that all photochemical processes were able to totally inactivate different strains of bacteria with concentrations up to 10⁵ CFU/mL within 27.6 s. Finally, a kinetic model was developed to simulate the TOC degradation from a secondary effluent of synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater.