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1.
2.
TC Cope AJ Sokoloff SM Dacko R Huot E Feingold 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,78(6):3077-3082
To further test the hypothesis that some fixed property of motoneurons determines their recruitment order, we quantified the variation in force threshold (FT) for motoneurons recruited in muscle stretch reflexes in the decerebrate cat. Motor axons supplying the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle were penetrated with micropipettes and physiological properties of the motoneuron and its muscle fibers, i.e., the motor unit, were measured. FT, defined as the amount of MG force produced when the isolated motor unit was recruited, was measured from 20 to 93 consecutive stretch trials for 29 motor units. Trials were selected for limited variation in base force and rate of rise of force, which have been shown to covary with FT, and in peak stretch force, which gives some index of motor-pool excitability. Under these restricted conditions, large variation in FT would have been inconsistent with the hypothesis. Analysis of the variation in FT employed the coefficient of variation (CV), because of the tendency for FT variance and mean to increase together. We found that CV was distributed with a median value of 10% and with only 2 of 29 units exceeding 36%. Some of this variation was associated with measurement error and with intertrial fluctuations in base, peak, and the rate of change of muscle force. CV was not significantly correlated with motor-unit axonal conduction velocity, contraction time, or force. In three cases FT was measured simultaneously from two motor units in the same stretch trials. Changes in recruitment order were rarely observed (5 of 121 stretch trials), even when FT ranges for units in a pair overlapped. We suggest that the large variation in recruitment threshold observed in some earlier studies resulted not from wide variation in the recruitment ranking of motoneurons within one muscle, but rather from variation in the relative activity of different pools of motoneurons. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that recruitment order is determined by some fixed property of alpha-motoneurons and/or by some unvarying combination of presynaptic inputs that fluctuate in parallel. 相似文献
3.
The extinction coefficient ? at 2.9 μm for OH in fluoride glasses is measured by determining the amount of HF evolved during heating of the glass under steam and the corresponding intensity of the OH absorption band. This coefficient is respectively equal to 31 litre mole?1 cm?1 for BTYbZ glass (15 BaF2 - 29 ThF4 - 28 YbF3 - 28 ZnF2) and 19.5 litre mole?1 cm?1 for BALLA glass (34 BaF2 - 57 ZrF4 - 4 AlF3 - 5 LaF3). 相似文献
4.
An assessment of the Fe-C-Si system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
5.
Andr Hamwi Catherine Latouche B atrice Burteaux Jacques Dupuis 《Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures》1996,4(6):1213-1226
Reaction of metallic fluorides: WF6 TaF5, NbF5 and TiF4 with C60/C70 extract was performed at appropriate temperatures. M0F5 and BF3 fluorides do not react. Chemical formulas based on mass uptake show MFn/C60 ratios up to 2.00. Compounds were analysed by means of X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies. The presence of neutral fluorides and associated anionic species is put forward and it is shown that MFn compounds do not act as fluorination agents. Electrical conductivity measurements are also presented. 相似文献
6.
Data transmission networks and systems are often subject to perturbations due to the fact that (low level) data signals are surrounded by perturbing electromagnetic fields. This paper presents and analyses information perturbing mechanisms. The authors examine data streams transmitted by an elementary system which represents the basis of any electronic device. We show the influence of technological families of cmos circuits and present a test method and bench to investigate the sensitivity of devices under test by means of statistical parameters. 相似文献
7.
Tony Maillet Jacques Barbier Jr. Daniel Duprez 《Applied catalysis. B, Environmental》1996,9(1-4):251-266
A 1% Pd catalyst (38% dispersion) was prepared by impregnating a γ-alumina with palladium acetylacetonate dissolved in acetone. The behaviour of this catalyst in oxidation and steam reforming (SR) of propane was investigated. Temperature-programmed reactions of C3H8 with O2 or with O2 + H2O were carried out with different stoichiometric ratios S(S =[O2]/5[C3H8]). The conversion profiles of C3H8 for the reaction carried out in substoichiometry of O2 (S < 1) showed two discrete domains of conversion: oxidation at temperatures below 350°C and SR at temperatures above 350°C. The presence of steam in the inlet gases is not necessary for SR to occur: there is sufficient water produced in the oxidation to form H2 and carbon oxides by this reaction. Contrary to what was observed with Pt, an apparent deactivation between 310 and 385°C could be observed with Pd in oxidation. This is due to a reduction of PdOx into Pd0, which is much less active than the oxide in propane oxidation. Steam added to the reactants inhibits oxidation while it prevents the reduction of PdOx into Pd0. Compared to Pt and to Rh, Pd has a higher thermal resistance: no deactivation occurred after treatment up to 700°C and limited deactivation after treatment up to 900°C, provided that the catalyst is maintained in an oxygen-rich atmosphere during the cooling. 相似文献
8.
9.
Fatima Bennour Jacques Rogez Jean Claude Mathieu 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1996,79(10):2752-2754
The Na2 O-Cs2O-SiO2 system has been investigated by means of a new differential thermal analysis apparatus. Two compounds have been observed for the first time in the metasilicate and disilicate joins. The CsNaSi2 O5 disilicate melts congruently at 1217 K and the peritectic fusion of the CsNaSiO3 metasilicate occurs at 1120 K. 相似文献
10.
Nowadays different kinds of double-skin facades are developed and used in new architectural projects. The aim of these facades is, on the one hand, to increase internal comfort and, on the other hand, to decrease energy consumption. In order to optimise the overall performance of the double-skin façades, their detailed behaviour needs to be better understood. The prediction of the airflow within the channel (between the two glazings) is very important for understanding of the double-skin facades behaviour, especially in summer conditions. A comprehensive modelling of a compact double-skin facade equipped with a venetian blind and forced ventilation is proposed here. The modelling is done using the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) approach to assess the air movement within the ventilated facade channel. Three-dimensional airflow is modelled using a homogeneous porous media representation, in order to reduce the size of the mathematical model. A parametric study is proposed here, analysing the impact of three parameters on the airflow development: slat tilt angle, blind position and air outlet position. The distance between the blind and the external glazing was found to have a major impact on the velocity profiles inside the double-skin facade channel. 相似文献