经尿道电汽化术治疗前列腺增生症14例分析

目的 减轻前列腺增生症患者手术治疗痛苦，减少腔内手术并发症的发生。方法 对１９９７年７月至１９９８年１月收治的１４例前列腺增生症患者采用经水道电汽化术治疗。结果 １４例中１３例术后早期即通畅排尿，膀胱平均残余尿由术前９４．５ｍｌ对３１．８ｍｌ，未发生手术大出血及经尿道电革综合征等并发症。结论 经尿道电汽化术治疗前列腺增生症，手术效果好、并发症少、患者易于接受，是治疗前列腺增生症的一种较为理想的手术     

激素抵抗型哮喘的发生机制

激素抵抗型（ＳＲ）哮喘的早期发现对于改进难治性哮喘的治疗是有重要意义的。本介绍了近年来关于ＳＲ哮喘发生的研究进展，分析了激素受体异常和免疫调节异常与激素抵抗的关系，并探讨了激素替代疗法的理论根据和临床意义。     

气压弹道碎石机与输尿管镜联合应用治疗输尿管结石

探讨输尿管镜技术治疗输尿管结石的效果。方法 对７６例输尿管结石采取气压弹道碎石机和输尿管镜联合应用的方法进行腔内碎石治疗。结果 ７６例中７２例获成功，成功率９４．７％，输尿管镜插放成功率９７．４％，２例因结石移位至肾盂而未能彻底粉碎结石，腔内碎石成功率为９７．３％。     

Effect of ipratropium bromide on airway and pulmonary muscarinic receptors in a rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective　To observe the level of muscarinic receptors in airway and lung tissues, and the effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide on these receptors in a rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods　This model was developed by exposure of rats to 250 ppm SO2 gas, 5?h/d, 5d/wk, for a period of 7 wk. The COPD rats inhaled 0.025% aerosolized iratropium bromide for 20 min, 2 times daily, in an airtight chamber. Muscarinic receptors in airway and lung tissues of normal rats, ipratropium bromide-treated COPD rats and the recovering COPD rats were measured by the radio-ligand binding assay. Results　Airway/lung pathology and pulmonary function tests showed that chronic SO2 exposure caused pathophysiologic changes similar to those observed in human COPD. The density (0.038±0.011, pmol/mg protein) and affinity (Kd, 23±11 pmol/L) of muscarinic receptors in airway and lung tissues of COPD rats were not changed compared with those of normal control rats (0.030±0.008 and 29±19, respectively, P>0.05). Densities of the muscarinic receptors were not changed after inhalation of ipratropium bromide for 5 days, but increased significantly after inhalation for 30 days, as compared with those of the untreated COPD rats. The muscarinic receptors returned the normal levels at day 6 after cessation of ipratropium bromide treatment. There were no differences among different groups of rats in equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd). Conclusion　A rat model of COPD with pathophysiologic changes similar to the human counterpart was developed using chronic SO2 exposure. There was no significant change in the number and function of muscarinic receptors in airway and lung tissues of the COPD rats, but upregulation of the muscarinic receptors was observed after long-term inhalation of ipratropium bromide.     

GOLD2011分类方法对COPD患者评估的初步探索

目的应用2011版慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球创议（GOLD）中的COPD分组评估方法与2007版GOLD分级方法进行对比研究,初步了解两种方法对我国COPD患者病情评估可能存在的差异及其预后价值。方法调查2011年1月1日至2012年1月1日期间就诊于北京同仁医院呼吸科,经肺功能检查明确诊断为COPD的245例稳定期患者。收集基本资料,进行肺功能、COPD评估测试（CAT）问卷,并随访1年,了解患者因急性加重就诊次数及死亡情况。所有患者均按照2011版GOLD及2007版GOLD评估方法分别进行分组,比较其GAT评分、急性加重风险及病死率差异。结果①应用2007版分级方法患者主要集中分布于GOLD2级（n=112,45．71％）及GOLD3级（n=103,42．04％）;而应用2011版分组方法患者集中分布于D组（n=152,62．04％）。②2011版各组间病死率及未来一年因AECOPD就诊次数差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。③D组的三个亚组在年龄、CAT评分、未来一年因AECOPD就诊次数及病死率方面差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论在我们的观察病例中,2011版GOLD分类对疾病加重风险及潜在死亡风险的评估优于2007版GOLD。但这一新的评估和分类方法对于临床和预后的普遍意义,仍需大样本前瞻性研究来进一步证实。     

香烟烟雾提取物对CD4^＋T细胞向Th17细胞和调节性T细胞分化的影响

目的观察香烟烟雾提取物（CSE）对CD4^＋T细胞向Th17细胞和调节性T细胞分化的影响,为探索香烟烟雾暴露导致气道慢性炎症的机制提供实验依据。方法采用免疫磁珠法分离纯化健康志愿者外周血CD4^＋T细胞,以1×10^6／ml细胞密度接种于96孔培养板,分为以下8个组①空白对照组;②T细胞刺激剂组：加入T细胞刺激剂抗人CD3／28抗体微磁珠;③T细胞刺激剂CSE干预组：CD3／28＋2%CSE;④细胞因子组：CD3／28＋细胞因子;⑤细胞因子CSE干预组：CD3／28＋细胞因子＋2％CSE;⑥芳香烃受体（AHR）激动剂6-甲酰基吲哚[3,2-b]咔唑（FICZ）组CD3／28＋细胞因子＋FICZ;⑦AHR拮抗剂白藜芦醇组：CD3／28＋细胞因子＋2％CSE＋白藜芦醇;⑧溶剂对照组：CD3／28＋细胞因子＋DMSO。细胞因子为含TGF-β/IL-1β／IL-6／IL～23的混合细胞因子,以诱导Th17细胞和调节性T细胞分化。培养5d后,收集细胞,采用流式细胞术检测细胞表面分子CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋细胞（Treg细胞）,以及胞内细胞因子IL-17＋的CD4^＋T细胞（Th17细胞）,计算各种刺激培养条件下,诱导生成的Th17及Treg细胞占CD4^＋T细胞的百分比。结果①CSE对Th17细胞分化的影响：空白对照组Th17细胞比例为（0．69±0．12）％,加入T细胞刺激剂后为（1．32±0．12）％,在此基础上加入CSE的干预组IL-17＋细胞比例升高为（2．17±0．24）％,（t=3．21,P〈0．01）;细胞因子组IL-17＋细胞比例为（1．35±0．08）％,而在此基础上加入CSE的干预组Th17细胞升高为（2．58±0．39）%（t=3．13,P〈0．01）。②CSE对Treg细胞分化的影响：在空白对照组中,Treg细胞占CD4^＋T细胞中的比例为（0．21±0．19）％,在加入T细胞刺激剂后,Treg细胞比例升高（3．59±0．37）％,加入细胞因子后,Treg细胞比例明显增加（5．85±0．76）％;在继续加入CSE干预后,Treg细胞比例明显减少（3．07±0．33）％（t=3．74,P〈0．01）;同样,T细胞刺激剂CSE干预组也出现Treg细胞比例减少（2．19±0．19）％,（t=2．71,P〈0．05）。③AHR活化对Treg细胞和Th17细胞分化的影响：AHR激动剂FICZ组的Treg细胞比例明显低于细胞因子组[（2．60±0．40）％,（5．85±0．76）％]（t=4．18,P〈0．01）,但Th17细胞比例升高[（2．86±0．43）％,（1．35±0．08）％]（t=3．65,P〈0．01）。AHR阻断剂白藜芦醇组中的Treg细胞比例和Th17细胞比例均低于细胞因子组,分别为[（0．33±0．14）％,（5．85±0．76）％],（t=7．71,P〈0．01）和[（0．42±0．07）％,（1．35±0．08）％],（t=8．87,P〈0．001）,并且和空白对照组接近,在细胞培养第5天通过7-AAD-AnnexinV对该组细胞检测并未发现细胞异常凋亡或死亡情况,结合该组细胞培养过程中的镜下形态推测该实验组CD4^＋T细胞的分化增殖受到白藜芦醇抑制。结论CSE可促进CD4^＋T细胞向Th17细胞分化,并抑制Treg细胞分化,这一过程可能通过AHR诱导。     

血源播散性肺结核继发噬血细胞综合征1例

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was a life-threatening syndrome due to the uncontrolled immune activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. HLH is characterized by primary and secondary causes, the early diagnosis and treatment of patients are closely related to the prognosis and clinical outcome of patients. The clinical presentation is variable but mostly includes prolonged fever, splenomegaly, coagulopathy, hypertriglyceridemia, and hemophagocytosis, none of them is specific and particular for HLH. Tuberculosis (TB) infection is one of the causes of HLH. HLH caused by TB is very rare clinically, but it has a high mortality. For patients with fever of unknown origin, HLH-related clinical manifestations sometimes present before the final diagnosis of TB, and HLH is associated with the most significant mortality rate. This article is mainly about a 28-year-old patient with HLH who suffered from severe TB infection. The patient attended a hospital with a history of 2 months of prolonged fever, 10 days booger and subcutaneous hemorrhage in lower limbs. Before this, he was in good health and denied any history of tuberculosis exposure. Combined with relevant laboratory test results (such as splenomegaly, hemoglobin, platelet count, and hypertriglyceridemia) and clinical manifestations (e.g. fever), the patient was diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, but the etiology of HLH remained to be determined. To confirm the etiology, the patient was asked about the relevant medical history (intermittent low back pain) and was performed chest CT scan, bone marrow biopsy, and fundus photography. Finally, he was diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis. In response to this, intravenous methylprednisolone and anti-tuberculosis treatment (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin, and amikacin) were administered to the patient. After more than a month of treatment, the patient recovered from HLH caused by severe TB infection. Therefore, this case suggests that we should be vigilant to the patient who admitted to the hospital with fever for unknown reasons, to diagnose HLH as early as possible and clarify its cause, then perform interventions and treatment, especially HLH secondary to tuberculosis. Also, cases of atypical TB and severe TB should be carefully monitored to achieve early diagnosis and early intervention.     

支气管哮喘患者痰嗜酸粒细胞相对计数与糖皮质激素治疗反应性的关系

目的观察支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）患者不同气道炎症类型（嗜酸粒细胞炎症与非嗜酸粒细胞炎症）对吸人糖皮质激素（简称激素）治疗的反应性。方法选择近3个月内未接受激素治疗的慢性持续性哮喘患者42例，根据诱导痰嗜酸粒细胞百分比将患者分为嗜酸粒细胞增高组（嗜酸粒细胞〉3％，23例）与非嗜酸粒细胞增高组（嗜酸粒细胞〈3％，19例），进行哮喘症状评分、肺功能检查、诱导痰细胞分类计数。采用酶联免疫荧光法测定痰液嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白（ECP）的浓度。吸人激素治疗1、3个月时进行随访，重复上述哮喘疗效的评价指标。结果嗜酸粒细胞增高组痰嗜酸粒细胞比值、ECP水平基线值分别为0．080（0．063～0．178）、（324±149）μg／L，非嗜酸粒细胞增高组分别为0．017（0．006～0．021）、（152±68）μg／L，两组比较差异有统计学意义（t值分别为4．40、3．33，P均〈0、01）。嗜酸粒细胞增高组第一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、FEV1占预计值百分比（FEV1占预计值％）、症状评分的基线值分别为（1．98±0．67）L、（65±20）％、7．0（5．0～10．0）分，非嗜酸粒细胞增高组分别为（2．07±1．05）L、（66±27）％、5．0（2．0～9．0）分，两组比较差异无统计学意义（t值分别为-0．62、-0．09、1．32，P均〉0．05）。吸入激素治疗1、3个月后嗜酸粒细胞增高组的嗜酸粒细胞比值、ECP水平、症状评分、FEV1和FEV1占预计值％分别为[0．019（0．010～0．060）、[0．036（0．006～0．070）、（173±153）μg／L、（173±122）μg／L、3．0（1．0～6．0）分、3．0（1．0～5．0）分、（2．42±0．64）L、（2．43±0．76）L、（77±13）％、（77±18）％，与基线值比较差异有统计学意义（F值分别为6．73、6．71、5．93、7．38、5．78，P均〈0．05）。非嗜酸粒细胞增高组分别为0．013（0．000～0．025）、0．012（0．004～0．031）、（111±50）μg／L、（117±50）μg／L、3．0（0．0～6．0）分、3．0（1．0～7．3）分、（2．22±0．86）L、（2．21±0．24）L、（71±20）％、（65±21）％，与基线值比较，嗜酸粒细胞比值、FEV1和FEV1占预计值％均无统计学意义（F值分别为1．98、0．80、1．37，P均〉0．05），而ECP水平和症状评分比较差异有统计学意义（F值分别为3．78、3．59，P均〈0．05）。多元线性回归分析显示，病情严重度、基线FEV1和痰嗜酸粒细胞百分比与FEV1改善程度相关（r值分别为-0．27、-0．02、0．03，P均〈0．05）。痰嗜酸粒细胞比值的基线值对激素治疗反应的阴性预测值最高（89．5％）。结论对于痰嗜酸粒细胞增高的哮喘患者，吸人激素治疗能够抑制嗜酸粒细胞炎症，改善肺功能和症状评分。非嗜酸粒细胞增高哮喘患者对激素治疗反应性差，FEV1无改善。痰嗜酸粒细胞比值不高是激素治疗反应性差的最佳预测指标。     

Th1／Th2类细胞因子与人类疾病

Ｔ细胞产生的细胞因子可分为Ｔｈ１和Ｔｈ２两大类。Ｔｈ１类细胞因子包括ＩＬ－２、ＩＦＮ－γ等，主要介导细胞免疫反应，在胞内寄生菌、原虫或病毒感染中起保护但也参与自身免疫及某些慢性下性疾病的免疫病理过程。Ｔｈ２类细胞因子包括ＩＬ－４ＩＬ－５等，主要介导体认免疫反应，在蠕虫感染中起保护作用，但在特应个体可触发变态反应性疾病。