甲状腺微小乳头状癌射频消融术与外科手术的比较

【摘要】 目的 比较射频消融（RFA）治疗和外科手术治疗在甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者手术情况、患者满意度与经济负担方面的差异。方法 选择2015年6月至2019年8月甲状腺超声检查发现小于1 cm单发可疑恶性结节的患者217例,以病理结果为金标准确诊为甲状腺乳头状癌。根据治疗方式不同分为RFA组（n=102）和外科手术组（n=115）。记录两组术中耗时、住院天数、住院费用、手术前后焦虑状态、术后甲状腺激素水平、并发症、患者满意度评分及随访复发转移情况。结果 RFA组术中耗时、住院天数、住院费用及术后并发症更少,对甲状腺激素水平影响小,术后患者满意度高,两组差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组患者手术前后焦虑状态及术后疗效均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论 RFA较传统外科手术在治疗甲状腺乳头状癌中具备明显优势,可在患者知情自愿且严格把握手术适应证时作为一种新型的微创治疗方法。     

ACR TI-RADS与Kwak TI-RADS对甲状腺峡部结节的诊断价值

目的探讨美国放射学会甲状腺影像报告与数据系统（ACR TI-RADS）与2011版Kwak甲状腺影像报告与数据系统（Kwak TI-RADS）对甲状腺峡部结节的诊断价值。 方法回顾性选取2015年1月至2020年1月于浙江大学附属第二医院超声科检出的甲状腺峡部结节患者308例,共308个结节。所有患者均经手术病理或细针穿刺活检（FNAB）证实确诊,且均行超声检查。分别按照ACR TI-RADS和Kwak TI-RADS分类标准对308个峡部结节进行评分分类。应用多因素Logistic回归分析甲状腺峡部恶性结节的独立危险因素;将ACR TI-RADS、Kwak TI-RADS分类结果与病理结果进行比较分析;以FNAB和手术病理结果为金标准,构建ACR TI-RADS、Kwak TI-RADS诊断甲状腺峡部恶性结节的ROC曲线,分析两种分类方法的诊断效能。 结果308个甲状腺峡部结节中,恶性结节197个;良性结节111个。与良性结节相比,甲状腺峡部恶性结节的以下超声特征占比更高：实性（99.5% vs 77.5%）、低/极低回声（94.9% vs 46.8%）、纵横比＞1（21.3% vs 5.4%）、边缘分叶/不规则或甲状腺外侵犯（41.1% vs 7.2%）、点状强回声（43.2% vs 11.7%）,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。其中,实性（P=0.047）、低/极低回声（P＜0.001）、边缘分叶/不规则或甲状腺外侵犯（P=0.002）、点状强回声（P=0.007）是甲状腺峡部恶性结节的独立危险因素,而纵横比＞1并非恶性结节的独立危险因素（OR=2.683,P=0.050）。ACR TI-RADS 1~2类结节均为良性结节,4类结节中70.1%为恶性结节,5类结节中87.0%为恶性结节;Kwak TI-RADS 2~3类结节均为良性结节,4b、4c、5类结节中分别有70.0%、83.2%、100%为恶性结节。ACR TI-RADS与Kwak TI-RADS分类诊断甲状腺峡部恶性结节的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.823、0.820。ACR TI-RADS分类以TI-RADS 4类为截断值,其诊断敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为99.5%、53.1%、82.8%、79.0%、98.3%,Youden指数为0.526。Kwak TI-RADS分类以≥4b类为标准,其诊断恶性结节的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为99.0%、53.1%、82.5%、78.9%、96.7%,Youden指数为0.521。 结论ACR TI-RADS与Kwak TI-RADS对甲状腺峡部结节的良恶性诊断均具有较高的价值,对于甲状腺峡部结节部分级别的恶性风险阈值以及管理建议,仍需进一步研究证实。     

Tei指数评价川崎病患者心功能的研究

目的 应用Tei指数评价急性期川崎病患者左心功能变化。 方法 急性期川崎病患者83例，正常对照组40例，以M-型超声获得左室射血分数（LVEF），在心尖五腔观，应用脉冲多普勒（PW）同时获得二尖瓣口和主动脉瓣口血流频谱，在同一心动周期内测量所需数据并计算出Tei指数、E／A比值。比较两组间参数。 结果 川崎病组与正常组LVEF差别无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；川崎病组E／A比值低于正常对照组（P〈0．05），而Tei指数明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），差别具有显著性意义。 结论 Tei指数可以很好地评价川崎病患者急性期左心整体功能的损害，较之射血分数（EF）值更为敏感、准确。     

多模态超声在颈部淋巴瘤诊断中的价值

目的探讨多模态超声检查在颈部淋巴瘤诊断中的价值。 方法回顾性分析杭州市红十字会医院2016年6月至2018年4月疑似颈部淋巴瘤的98例患者的超声声像图资料，包括二维超声、实时超声弹性成像及超声造影图像。所有患者均取得穿刺活检或手术病理结果。分析颈部淋巴瘤的超声图像特征，并以病理结果为"金标准"，评价单一检查方式及多模态超声对颈部淋巴瘤的诊断价值。 结果98例颈部淋巴结的病理结果为：淋巴瘤58例，转移性淋巴结14例，淋巴结结核13例，反应性增生淋巴结13例。二维超声诊断淋巴瘤的敏感度、特异度与准确性分别为63.8%、60.0%、62.2%。超声造影诊断淋巴瘤的敏感度、特异度与准确性分别为72.4%、72.5%、76.5%。应用二维超声、实时超声弹性成像及超声造影的多模态超声联合诊断淋巴瘤的敏感度、特异度与准确性分别为79.3%、82.5%、80.6%，高于单一检查方法。颈部淋巴瘤二维超声图像中低或极低回声背景下见条状、网格样回声（38/58，65.5%）及超声造影弥漫性增强（47/58，81.0%）、峰值时呈均匀增强（53/58，91.4%），与非淋巴瘤组比较差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。而淋巴瘤组实时弹性成像评分≤2分的占46.6%（27/58），弹性成像评分≥3分的占53.4%（31/58），与非淋巴瘤组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），弹性评分不能有效区分淋巴瘤。 结论多模态超声检查的应用可为颈部淋巴瘤的诊断提供更多信息，避免了单一超声模式的局限性，尤其超声造影暴风雪样增强与二维超声淋巴结呈低回声背景下条状或网格状回声的特征，更有助于对颈部淋巴瘤的超声诊断。     

督导教学联合PAL教学法在超声医学专业技能培训中的应用

目的探讨督导教学联合同伴互助学习（PAL）教学法在超声医学专业技能培训教学中的应用价值。 方法选取2020年6月至2022年6月浙江大学医学院附属第二医院超声医学科2018级、2019级住院医师共34人。采用督导教学联合PAL教学法,对2018级、2019级住院医师进行各系统操作切面带教培训与讲解、互助组学习以及带教老师督导教学。每周进行一次系统切面考核（过程考核）,按专业技能考试评分表,80分为合格。培训结束后进行结业技能考试（结业考试）。统计结业技能考试通过率,以及采用Likert 5级评分法调查住院医师对该课程的满意程度,以评估该教学方法的有效性。 结果应用督导教学联合PAL教学法后,超声医学科2018级、2019级住院医师每周进行的专业技能操作考核（过程考核）成绩均合格（≥80分）,考试平均分分别为（88.29±2.78）、（87.49±4.51）分;住院医师结业技能考试（结业考试）通过率为100%。收回满意度调查问卷34份,结果表明,住院医师均对该教学方法和内容安排满意或非常满意,均认为督导教学联合PAL教学法有助于掌握专业操作技能,提高学习效率,促进与老师的交流。 结论督导教学联合同伴PAL教学法在住院医师规范化培训超声专业技能培训中应用效果较好,可为超声专业技能培训教学提供新的思路。     

乳腺超声造影预测模型的建立及其对乳腺良恶性病变诊断效能的分析

目的分析乳腺超声造影（CEUS）的增强特征，构建乳腺病变CEUS预测模型，探讨该模型对乳腺良恶性病变的诊断价值。 方法选取2016年6月至2018年8月于丽水市人民医院及浙江大学医学院附属第二医院就诊的乳腺病变患者192例共195个病灶，所有病灶均为常规超声检查BI-RADS分类4类及以上，均经穿刺活检或手术取得病理结果。将病例分为CEUS组120例共123个病灶，均经CEUS检查；CEUS＋动态增强磁共振（DCE-MRI）组72例共72个病灶，均接受CEUS及DCE-MRI检查。对CEUS组120例患者的CEUS模式特征进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析，筛选预测乳腺恶性病变的CEUS危险因素，并建立预测模型，绘制ROC曲线。以CEUS＋DCE-MRI组72例患者的病理结果为"金标准"，分别计算CEUS预测模型与DCE-MRI对乳腺良恶性病变的诊断效能。 结果Logistic回归分析结果显示诊断乳腺恶性病灶的CEUS特征性表现为增强后病灶范围增大（OR=12.941，P=0.003），"蟹足"征或血管扭曲缠绕（OR=7.553，P=0.009），灌注缺损（OR=5.670，P=0.024）。建立的风险预测模型即Logistic回归方程为：Y=-4.108＋2.560X₆＋2.022X₇＋1.735X₈。该模型预测乳腺良恶性病灶的ROC曲线下面积为0.953。以穿刺或术后病理结果为"金标准"，CEUS风险预测模型诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值以及准确性分别为93.0%、73.3%、93.0%、73.3%、88.9%；DCE-MRI诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值以及准确性分别为94.7%、73.3%、93.1%、78.6%、90.3%。CEUS风险预测模型与DCE-MRI诊断乳腺良恶性病变的一致性较高（Kappa值=0.70）。 结论乳腺CEUS预测模型对鉴别良恶性病灶具有较高的诊断效能，且操作相对简单、检查时间短、可重复性好、价格相对低廉，不失为诊断乳腺良恶性病变的一种有效和可靠方法。     

经食管超声心动图在经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复治疗二尖瓣反流中的初步应用

目的 初步探讨经食管超声心动图在经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复治疗二尖瓣反流中的引导、监测价值.方法 10例外科手术高危的中重度(1例)或重度(9例)中心性二尖瓣反流患者,在经食管超声引导下应用MitraClip系统行二尖瓣缘对缘修复术,MitraClip释放后经食管超声即刻评估手术效果并与术前评估相比较.结果 10例患者手术均获得了理想结果,其中5例患者各植入1枚Clip,另5例患者各植入2枚Clip.经食管超声即刻评估手术效果示6例患者二尖瓣反流量减为轻度,2例减为轻中度,2例减为中度.10例患者均未发生Clip脱落、二尖瓣损伤、心包填塞等并发症.结论 MitraClip术是外科手术高危、中重度及重度二尖瓣反流的安全、有效的治疗方法,经食管超声心动图在手术全程中起着重要的引导、监测及确定作用.     

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) facilitated US in detecting lateral neck lymph node metastasis of thyroid cancer patients: diagnosis value and enhancement patterns of malignant lymph nodes

Objectives

To examine the value of CEUS as a non-invasive tool in detecting lateral neck metastasis (LNM) and the enhancement patterns of malignant lymph nodes (LN) for thyroid cancer patients.

Methods

Eighty-two consecutive patients, who underwent both preoperative non-enhanced US and CEUS examinations, were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent lateral neck dissection (LND). Enhancement patterns of 102 collected LNs matching to CEUS findings were analyzed.

Results

CEUS detected LNM in 53 of 65 patients, showing a higher sensitivity and accuracy than that of conventional US (p?=?0.109 and p?=?0.154, respectively). Thirteen patients’ surgical procedures were altered by CEUS findings, including nine true positive and four false positive cases. Five patients’ surgical procedures were altered by conventional US findings, including two true positive and three false positive cases. Heterogeneous enhancement, perfusion defects, microcalcification, and centripetal/hybrid enhancement were all specific criteria for malignant LNs in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, only heterogeneous enhancement and centripetal/hybrid enhancement were significantly related to LN metastasis (p?=?0.000 and p?=?0.037, respectively).

Conclusions

CEUS may be a potential tool to facilitate conventional US in detecting LNM. Heterogeneous enhancement and centripetal/hybrid enhancement are useful criteria to distinguish between malignant and benign LNs.

Key Points

? CEUS findings facilitated conventional US in detecting LNM. ? Heterogeneous, centripetal/hybrid enhancement, microcalcification and perfusion defects were specific criteria of malignant LNs. ? Heterogeneous and centripetal/hybrid enhancement were significantly related to LN metastasis in multivariate analysis.     

The Relationship between Enhanced Intensity and Microvessel Density of Gastric Carcinoma Using Double Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography

The purpose of this study was to assess the value of double contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCUS), in which intravenous microbubbles are used together with an oral contrast agent as a method to evaluate the microvascular density (MVD) of gastric cancer, and its relationship with the contrast-enhanced intensity (EI) in gastric carcinomas. Sixty-nine patients with gastric cancer were examined preoperatively using DCUS. The arrival time (AT), time-to-peak (TTP), peak (PI) and baseline (pre-injection) intensities (BI) of gastric carcinoma and normal gastric wall were measured. Contrast-enhanced intensity (PI minus BI) was calculated. A monoclonal antibody against CD34 was used to display vascular endothelial cells in the resected gastric carcinoma specimens and in normal gastric mucosal tissues, and MVD was calculated by counting CD34-positive vascular endothelial cells. The differences in AT, TTP, EI and MVD between gastric carcinoma specimens and normal gastric wall tissues were evaluated using Student's t-test. The relationships between EI and MVD in gastric cancer were analyzed by Spearman rank correlation analysis. Both EI and MVD were significantly higher in gastric carcinomas than in normal gastric wall (p < 0.001). However, AT and TTP showed no significant differences between gastric carcinoma specimens and normal gastric wall tissues (p > 0.05). There was a strong positive linear correlation between EI and MVD in gastric carcinoma (r = 0.921, p < 0.001). Double contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a useful method for evaluation of the MVD in gastric carcinomas in vivo. Contrast-enhanced intensity has a strong positive linear correlation with MVD and could form a new index for assessing angiogenesis and the biological behavior of gastric carcinomas. (E-mail: huangpintong@126.com)     

Microbubble-Mediated Cavitation Promotes Apoptosis and Suppresses Invasion in AsPC-1 Cells

The aim of this study was to identify the potential and mechanisms of microbubble-mediated cavitation in promoting apoptosis and suppressing invasion in cancer cells. AsPC-1 cells were used and divided into four groups: control group, microbubble-only (MB) group, ultrasound-only (US) group and ultrasound plus microbubble (US + MB) group. Pulse ultrasound was used at a frequency of 360 kHz and a SPPA (spatial peak, pulse average) intensity of 1.4 W/cm² for 1 min (duty rate = 50%). Then cells in the four groups were cultured for 24 h. Cell Counting Kit?8 (Biosharp, Hefei, Anhui, China) revealed decreased cell viability in the US + MB group. Western blot confirmed that there were increased cleaved caspase?3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein levels and decreased B?cell lymphoma?2 (Bcl-2) levels, as well as increased intracellular calcium ions and downregulated cleaved caspase-8, in the US + MB group. With respect to proliferation, cells in the US + MB group had lower expression of Ki67 and the weakened colony formation ability. The transwell invasion assay revealed that invasion ability could be decreased in AsPC-1 cells in the US + MB group. Further, it was found that cells in the US + MB group had lower levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vimentin and higher levels of E-cadherin compared with the other three groups. Finally, the US + MB cells had less invadopodium formation. In conclusion, these results suggest that microbubble-mediated cavitation promotes apoptosis and suppresses invasion in AsPC-1 cells.