硅的等离子体深腐蚀

湿法化学腐蚀已被广泛地应用于敏感器件传感结构的微细加工中.近年来,在VLSI中等离子体干法腐蚀已成为获得细线条图形的可行技术.然而,干法腐蚀工艺无论是等离子体腐蚀或反应离子腐蚀,相对于湿法腐蚀来说都是比较慢的.在需要深腐蚀的应用中(如电子束光刻的对准符号刻蚀,电路隔离槽或敏感器件的微细结构腐蚀)当前都着力提高腐蚀速率.在传感器的开发中,主要问题之一是封装,为简化到处于测量环境的传感器的外部连接,希望通过传感器背面进行连接.在化学传感器中,背面连接最为有利.因为假如所有的引线都     

DANARC技术

Danarc,达涅利电弧炉技术是指:带有喷吹氧和碳用的炉底风口的高阻抗技术,同时配以氧枪,以及供传统操作和后燃烧用的侧壁烧嘴。Danarc概念在能源的选择上提供了充分的灵活性。概念的基本原理是:具有高效的电能和可选能量的供给系统。从Danarc电炉在意大利的Ferriers Nord公司操作结果表明,作为电能的替代,喷入非常大量的氧和碳是可能的。 原料中金属回收率不受大量的吹氧量的影响。因为渣中的Fe氧化物含量是受喷入的C在渣中的平衡值控制的。 通过一个固定的或饱和的电抗器供电是有益的,因为甚至在高电压,低电流状况下操作也能得到稳定的电弧。所以,高阻抗操作会带来低的电极消耗,减少电损耗,及减小供电网络的干扰,也就是闪烁。饱和电抗器带来最好的结果。因为在这种情况下,附加的电抗器不断调整,保证一个合适和需要的量以使电流保持恒定。     

Visual reasoning about social networks using centrality sensitivity

In this paper, we study the sensitivity of centrality metrics as a key metric of social networks to support visual reasoning. As centrality represents the prestige or importance of a node in a network, its sensitivity represents the importance of the relationship between this and all other nodes in the network. We have derived an analytical solution that extracts the sensitivity as the derivative of centrality with respect to degree for two centrality metrics based on feedback and random walks. We show that these sensitivities are good indicators of the distribution of centrality in the network, and how changes are expected to be propagated if we introduce changes to the network. These metrics also help us simplify a complex network in a way that retains the main structural properties and that results in trustworthy, readable diagrams. Sensitivity is also a key concept for uncertainty analysis of social networks, and we show how our approach may help analysts gain insight on the robustness of key network metrics. Through a number of examples, we illustrate the need for measuring sensitivity, and the impact it has on the visualization of and interaction with social and other scale-free networks.     

Gas-Chromatographic Analyses of the Subcaudal Gland Secretion of the European Badger (Meles meles) Part I: Chemical Differences Related to Individual Parameters

In many species, chemical signals are important in the context of intraspecific communication. European badgers (Meles meles) use the secretion of their subcaudal gland to mark both the environment and conspecifics. In this paper, we investigated the chemical composition of subcaudal gland secretions and how it varies among individuals according to group membership, season, sex, age, body condition, and reproductive status. We analyzed 66 samples by gas chromatography using a mass-spectrometer as detector. We found 110 different components, of which 21 were present in every profile. The chemical composition of the secretions proved to be highly individual-specific, but no single peak was found to be typical for one of the investigated categories (season, sex, etc.). Analyses of the relative area (% area) that every peak contributed to the overall profile area showed that, in general, group members have more similar profiles than do badgers from different groups. Composition varied over seasons and between sexes and was influenced by age, body condition, and reproductive status. We, therefore, conclude that the secretion not only encodes group membership and individuality as previously assumed, but might also convey information about fitness-related parameters.     

Sensitivity analysis for the SimpleTreat model to simulate fate of chemicals in sewage treatment plants

SimpleTreat 3.1 predicts the distribution and elimination of chemicals by sewage treatment. The model is used as the default calculation in EUSES 2.0 to estimate exposure concentration in the receiving water, soil and air. A sensitivity analysis was performed to rank input parameters according to their influence on model predictions. Triclosan was selected for the base case. The sewage flow, degradation rates and parameters describing the raw sewage were shown to be the most sensitive inputs. The pH and dissociation constant are very sensitive parameters when working with ionisable compounds. Variation in certain input parameters was propagated through the model to yield greater variation in output parameters with a maximum ratio of 4.0. SimpleTreat 3.1 is a steady state model describing a highly non-steady system. A large variability in the most sensitive parameters is expected within a single sewage plant and parameters should therefore be selected to cover this variability.     

XPEL，真正赢利的漆面保护方案

上海追得：“这是一个多赢的时代。让终端合作伙伴赢利,让车主获得优质的产品和服务,就是我们厂家最大的赢利。”     

Dynamic adhesive force measurements under vertical and horizontal motions of interacting rough surfaces

An instrument to measure dynamic adhesive forces between interacting rough surfaces has been developed. It consists of four parts, namely, main instrument body, vertical positioning system with both micrometer and nanometer positioning accuracies, horizontal positioning system with nanometer positioning accuracy, and custom-built high-resolution, and high dynamic bandwidth capacitive force transducer. The vertical piezoelectric actuator (PZT) controls the vertical (approaching and retracting) motion of the upper specimen, while the horizontal PZT controls the horizontal (reciprocal) motion of the lower specimen. The force transducer is placed in line with the upper specimen and vertical PZT, and directly measures the adhesive forces with a root-mean-square load resolution of 1.7 microN and a dynamic bandwidth of 1.7 kHz. The newly developed instrument enables reliable measurements of near-contact and contact adhesive forces for microscale devices under different dynamic conditions. Using the developed instrument, dynamic pull-in and pull-off force measurements were performed between an aluminum-titanium-carbide sphere and a 10 nm thick carbon film disk sample. Three different levels of contact force were investigated; where for each contact force level the vertical velocity of the upper sample was varied from 0.074 to 5.922 microms, while the lower sample was stationary. It was found that slower approaching and retracting velocities result in higher pull-in and pull-off forces. The noncontact attractive force was also measured during horizontal movement of the lower sample, and it was found that the periodic movements of the lower disk sample also affect the noncontact surface interactions.     

Effects of phase errors on coherent emitter arrays

The effects on far-field intensity patterns, Strehl ratios, central-lobe angular widths, and central-lobe pointing in rectangular aperture, rectangular grid, coherent emitter arrays with uncorrelated and nearest-neighbor-correlated Gaussian phase deviations are presented.