Behavior of ZrO2-C Refractories in Thin-strip Casting of Steel

Zirconia graphite refractory is used as a core-nozzle in the thin-strip casting of steel. Post-mortem analysis of used refractory was performed in an effort to establish the failure mechanism. Corrosion behavior was studied against molten steel with Mn O- SiO 2based liquid inclusions. Corrosion of these materials involves dissolution and oxidation of graphite in the matrix followed by penetration of liquid slag leading to degradation of ZrO 2particles. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to study this corrosion mechanism.     

WAVE INTERACTION WITH PERFORATED CAISSON BREAKWATERS

The reflection coefficient of perforated caissons and the total horizontal forces acting on them were experimentally and numerically analyzed and discussed when wave propagates normally. To consider the viscosity effect of fluid and nonlinear action of waves on structures, the VOF (Volume Of Fluid) method combined with the k-ε turbulence model was used to simulate the interaction between waves and structures. Governing equations were solved with the finite difference method. Through 2D experimental study in the wave flume, the empirical relationship between the reflection coefficient of perforated caissons and the main affecting factors were obtained from the experimental data using the least square method. Also the correlation between the ratio of the total horizontal force acting on perforated caisson and the force acting on solid caisson and the main affecting factors were regressed from the experimental data.     

Charge： Glowing in the Dark

Many areas of structure analysis have focused on finding the locations of the atoms. If, instead of the atoms, we knew the positions of the electrons we would in fact know much more, and in most respects knowing where the nuclei are is not important. There is a long history of measurements using precise electron diffraction or X-ray diffraction of the average charge density in materials, but extending beyond to local charge density is, as yet, an unexplored area.     

可全部取回的小井眼伽马随钻测量(MWD)系统可将水平钻井的风险减至最小

一种特别适用于水平井实时大地转向的小井眼伽马定向测量MWD工具已研制成功。这是第一个能利用钢丝全部取回并进行更换的测量系统。它可以将卡钻和“井内花费”的风险减至最小。此外,它还可以将因发生故障而更换工具需要进行的起下钻次数减至最少,从而降低钻井成本。 该系统可以下入内径小到2.19英寸(56mm)和钻铤内,且已经下入过外径为3(1/2)英寸(89mm)的钻铤。它还下入过钻井作业用的盘管内。 本文将介绍井下系统及其校准方法,并与普通绳索测井进行比较。 文中还介绍了几个现场水平井应用的实例,着重说明如何利用伽马射线使水平泄油井“大地转向”而保持在油层内,以及如何在钻井期向跟踪地层倾角的方向。这样做可以减小水平钻井的风险,增大收回投资的可能性。     

气体运移速率的现场实例

由 5个油田的现场实例说明 ,最近的研究向传统的气体流入 (气体侵入井内 )概念提出了挑战。以往现场人员一直使用“经验法则” ,即气体以 10 0 0ft h的速率运移。但现场实例表明 ,气体可能移动 ,也可能不移动 ,其运移速率受多种因素影响 ,同时建议不能完全依赖井口压力增加来准确分析和预测气体运移特征     

聚合物凝胶技术应用于波及控制辉煌12载

本文讨论和描述了采用油田广泛应用的、有效的技术而做的大量实验。在这些成胶实验中三氯化铬为首选交联剂。羧酸铬／聚丙烯酰胺（CC／AP）交联技术的特点是有很强的胶体化学性质和对油藏环境扰动有很强的适应性。据1998年5月的统计数据，这种交联技术已经广泛应用于世界各地1400多次波及控制处理。本文给出了例证性油田应用的重点和CC／AP波及控制交联技术的结果；讨论了应用CC／AP交联技术经历中我们所学到的经验教训；包含了波及控制问题及处理方案，优良的交联技术，措施井和井网的特征，成功实施对措施井及井网的要求，措施顺利实施交联处理的关键部分，确定以使聚合物交联技术最有效的应用的选井选层的指导方针；凝胶波及控制的风险和缺陷以及质量保证等问题。     

兰德报告——操作与维修领域的关键技术

恰当的维修对最大可能地提高作业率和生产率极为重要 ,介绍了设备性能监测与诊断技术 ,以及修理和维护计划的合理安排