FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT MARGARINES AND BUTTERS FROM PAKISTAN WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON TRANS UNSATURATED CONTENTS

Fatty acid (FA) composition and isomeric trans unsaturated contents in selected brands of margarines and butter, which are more popular among general consumers of Pakistan, has been reported in this study. A sum of 10 butter and 10 margarine samples, collected from different bakers, confectioners and retail outlets, was analyzed. FA methyl esters were prepared, and quantitative measurements were made using a methyl lignoserate‐coated stationary phase, capillary column (SP‐2340, 60 m × 0.25 mm, 0.20 μm), with flame ionization detection. The contents of saturated FA, cis monounsaturated FA and cis polyunsaturated FA were in the following ranges: margarines 38.9–53.1, 21.9–35.8, 7.45–21.5% and butter 63.7–68.5, 23.0–27.0 and 1.20–2.94%, respectively. Results showed significantly higher amounts of trans FA (TFA) in margarines ranged from 2.45 to 21.1%, whereas butter samples contained less than 5.00% of TFA.     

风电机组风轮表面气流摩擦阻力特性研究

风轮在旋转的过程中,风轮获取的风能中需要消耗一部分来克服空气阻力,因此,叶片的设计中应充分考虑空气摩擦对设计的影响。结合1.2 MW风电机组叶片设计参数,应用黏性流体边界层理论,分析空气与风电叶片之间的相互作用及叶片受到的摩擦阻力,建立了叶片表面摩擦阻力计算模型,得到在摩擦力作用下,输出同样功率需要用弦长来补偿的结论,进一步修正了叶片弦长设计理论~([1])。最后通过Fluent仿真,分析气流摩擦阻力对叶片出力的影响,并与Glauert设计方法和Wilson设计方法进行对比,结果表明:在考虑摩擦力后弦长增加,且在不高于9 m/s的风速下原弦长和桨距角设计理论比Glauert理论和Wilson理论具有更高的功率和风能利用率。     

Gut microbiome modulation: Ancillary effects of inorganic nanoparticles on gut microflora

The association of gut microflora and human health is being increasingly recognized, and the impact of gut microflora on the host is well characterized, including the body’s energy metabolism and immune system maintenance. Several human diseases, including metabolic, autoimmune, obesity, hypothyroidism, and intestinal disorders, are closely associated with gut dysbiosis. Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are extensively utilized in numerous fields due to their distinctive, attractive physicochemical properties. Estimation of the potential impacts of NPs, with a high number of microorganisms inside the human body (microbiota) and its genomes (microbiome), represents one of the most important aspects of nano-toxicology. This review article aims to provide information on the association of gut microflora alterations to diseases and describe the impacts of various inorganic NPs, including silver, zinc, selenium, titania, silicon, and copper, on gut microflora. Research on the effect of inorganic NPs on gut microflora of animal models and the poultry industry is reviewed. The response of pathogenic Enterobacter species to inorganic NPs has been expounded in detail. This review also highlights the need to focus on the ancillary effects of various inorganic NPs on gut microflora to expedite the suitable advancement of these particles for future use. Finally, the key opportunistic areas for the application of nanotechnology are underlined to manipulate the microbiome of gut dysbiosis, provide an overview, and address potential challenges and our perspective on this evolving field.